Republic
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Summary
HarperCollins is proud to present its incredible range of best-loved， essential classics。
Plato's The Republic has influenced Western philosophers for centuries， with its main focus on what makes a well-balanced society and individual。
Plato's The Republic has influenced Western philosophers for centuries， with its main focus on what makes a well-balanced society and individual。
Reviews
Peter
，
I have now read this book twice - once in the summer， and again now as some chapters are required reading for one of my modules （though I thought it would be better to re-read it all）。 I think Plato's Republic has value in that every time you read it you'll understand and interpret it in a distinct way- or， at least， pick up on something new。 I won't comment on its content though。。。 it is too late in the day to think。 I have now read this book twice - once in the summer， and again now as some chapters are required reading for one of my modules （though I thought it would be better to re-read it all）。 I think Plato's Republic has value in that every time you read it you'll understand and interpret it in a distinct way- or， at least， pick up on something new。 I won't comment on its content though。。。 it is too late in the day to think。 。。。more
alison sabella
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the cave 😈😈
Madison
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Ughhh。。。。 This was soooo boring。 I'm so disappointed because I really liked Plato's other work "The Apology。" Nevertheless， this one was much too long。 I find that for my preferences， philosophical readings are more impactful if they're shorter。 I do recognize some of the brilliant arguments fabricated throughout this text， particularly on the nature of justice。 Sadly， I actually found some of Plato's reasonings to be fallible and make little sense （particularly， on the nature of the ideal state Ughhh。。。。 This was soooo boring。 I'm so disappointed because I really liked Plato's other work "The Apology。" Nevertheless， this one was much too long。 I find that for my preferences， philosophical readings are more impactful if they're shorter。 I do recognize some of the brilliant arguments fabricated throughout this text， particularly on the nature of justice。 Sadly， I actually found some of Plato's reasonings to be fallible and make little sense （particularly， on the nature of the ideal state）。 I'm just glad I finally finished this and can move on。 I hope that the rest of the readings for my course are better than this one。 。。。more
Amanda Sola
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Socrates is insufferable。
Derek Jacoby
，
I do not have words。 Wow。
Brian Troy
，
A great Introduction to Socrates
Annie Millman
，
Just finished my last paper （I hope） I will ever have to write on Plato。 Promptly putting this book back on my bookshelf to （hopefully） never be opened again。 I imagine that these Fine Greek Men <3 all had blissful lives with this much confidence and obliviousness。 Political science really rests on the legacy of a group of dudes just hanging out and egging each other on as they turn their speculations into facts
Yaotl Altan
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Son diálogos del famoso filósofo Platón， alumno de Sócrates， divididos en 8 libros。 Junto a sus amigos Glaucón y Polemarco charla sobre la vida ciudadana， la política， pero se enfocan mucho más en el concepto de la justicia， tema sobre el que giraba buena parte de la vida en la Grecia Antigua。 De esas conversaciones surge buena parte de la conformación del estado y las formas de gobierno: "es peor cometer una injusticia que padecerla"。 Se preguntan si la mejor forma de gobierno sería dirigida po Son diálogos del famoso filósofo Platón， alumno de Sócrates， divididos en 8 libros。 Junto a sus amigos Glaucón y Polemarco charla sobre la vida ciudadana， la política， pero se enfocan mucho más en el concepto de la justicia， tema sobre el que giraba buena parte de la vida en la Grecia Antigua。 De esas conversaciones surge buena parte de la conformación del estado y las formas de gobierno: "es peor cometer una injusticia que padecerla"。 Se preguntan si la mejor forma de gobierno sería dirigida por un oligarca o por modelos más populares; abordan los roles de cada clase social。 Charlan también sobre la conveniencia de educar y ejercitar físicamente a la mujer para que "esté a la altura del hombre" en la protección del estado y de la ciudadanía。 Decidieron ubicar a les enfermes en lugares especiales， lejos de la vista de la gente para "no contaminar" la fuerza de la ciudadanía y el estado。 Es un libro esencial en filosofía porque de ahí se fueron desglosando perspectivas más detalladas sobre cómo establecer sociedades justas， si bien en la Grecia Antigua se permitía la esclavitud。。。 Platicaban mucho， ¿eh？， aunque ya no les dio tiempo de analizar la alineación ⚽ con la que Bianchi ganó la Copa Libertadores hace 2 décadas。 。。。more
Страхиња Милутиновић
，
Knjige "Države" u kojima Sokrat （odnosno Platon kroz Sokrata） govori o etici su poprilično interesantne i teraju na razmišljanje i doprinose napretku u filozofiranju。 Međutim， njegove političke teorije su razočarenje za svakog ko barem malo poznaje političku filozofiju。 Otvoren sam za razgovor ukoliko neko želi nešto da doda ili da me ispravi。 Knjige "Države" u kojima Sokrat （odnosno Platon kroz Sokrata） govori o etici su poprilično interesantne i teraju na razmišljanje i doprinose napretku u filozofiranju。 Međutim， njegove političke teorije su razočarenje za svakog ko barem malo poznaje političku filozofiju。 Otvoren sam za razgovor ukoliko neko želi nešto da doda ili da me ispravi。 。。。more
Miguel
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Plato in his "Republic" narrates in his boast of imagination that there was once a cavern， and in that cavern， there was a group of men who were prisoners from birth bound by chains that held their necks and legs， so that they could only look forward， that is， they could only see towards the wall at the bottom of the cave without ever being able to turn their heads。 Behind the prisoners， between the entrance of the cave and the wall where they were tied， other men circulated carrying all kinds o Plato in his "Republic" narrates in his boast of imagination that there was once a cavern， and in that cavern， there was a group of men who were prisoners from birth bound by chains that held their necks and legs， so that they could only look forward， that is， they could only see towards the wall at the bottom of the cave without ever being able to turn their heads。 Behind the prisoners， between the entrance of the cave and the wall where they were tied， other men circulated carrying all kinds of objects that projected shadows on the wall at the bottom of the cave above the wall。 Shadows that the prisoners could see in front of them， but they never saw the real objects behind them。 Plato continues his imaginative narrative by telling that one of these imprisoned men frees himself from the chains， escapes， and can see what is behind the wall， thus contemplating the true reality he had never seen。 An objective and complete reality that their companions did not see because they only saw the appearances of reality。 The allegory ends when the prisoner， being able to leave the cave， returns to the interior to try to free his former companions from the chains and tell them what he had seen behind the wall and outside in the outside world。 But， Plato recounts that the prisoners laughed incredibly at him， and when the man tried to untie and drive his former companions out of the cave， these companions refused and even rebuked him with threats， even wanting to kill him。 This story leads us to a very sad reflection if it is analyzed in detail and has many questions， has gaps， has things that are meaningless。 Structurally speaking， this book has many flaws。 One does not need to be a philosopher to perceive the limitations in the ideas that Plato wanted to give。 He merely illustrated reality。 However， the famous Plato was not very far away from the biblical perspective， and there are many similarities to what the Bible shows us。 But， Plato’s problem is that he could only describe a superficial and incomplete allegory。 It does not provide accurate answers to how the prisoner was released， how the other prisoners could be released， and we do not see that he took action against the bad men behind the wall。 In conclusion， "The Republic" is a book that frustrated me because much of that information is useless and meaningless。 If Plato had done as the Ethiopian in Acts 8:27-38， Plato would have come to the full knowledge of the truth and could have helped many people。 。。。more
Dana
，
FINALLY
Yvette
，
After reading the Introduction， it appears that Plato was an Elitist-Progressive advocating for a society ruled by hyper-educated philosophers who got to set up ideal matings to produce superior humans。
Jacob Hudgins
，
Is there value in pursuing justice？ Using a Socratic dialogue， Plato argues that justice has merit because the soul is immortal and is the best way to order government and society。
Jjohn_galt
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A classic。 But still a slog。
Andrew Collier
，
Plato likes music。 and kinda slavery
Magi
，
"It gets good around Book 8， trust me"Probably the first time I've seriously read something of this nature， but thanks to Philosophy， there'll be a lot more of this coming。 This particular translation ended up being quite a challenge to get through at some points too， so I won't be making that mistake again。。。 but other than that， it was honestly not that bad。 It takes a long time to warm up to though， but after I got through a large bit of it on that one day I binged it， I was swayed enough tha "It gets good around Book 8， trust me"Probably the first time I've seriously read something of this nature， but thanks to Philosophy， there'll be a lot more of this coming。 This particular translation ended up being quite a challenge to get through at some points too， so I won't be making that mistake again。。。 but other than that， it was honestly not that bad。 It takes a long time to warm up to though， but after I got through a large bit of it on that one day I binged it， I was swayed enough that I had to finish it， so here we are。The basic idea of philosophy。。。 in order to make grand conclusions， you have to question your way to the very beginning。 And so with such intentions was this book was laid out。。。 you can't consider what makes up a "good and just" society without establishing what drives society， and debating what makes something just。 While a few chapters showed their age （what do we do with women！ That was certainly something to read， lol， although Socrates' take of "equal， but weaker" wasn't the ABSOLUTE worst）， there were a lot of parts that were eerily relevant。 The foundations of democracy being both based in freedom， but teetering on the edge of despotism， was very funny， and spooky， to read through。 Perfect for October。。 And while I might not be driven to commit myself to a life of wisdom and philosophy right now， I did get a lot of insight into what the thinking men think constitutes living a good life。 And at the very least， maybe there is some merit to reading something other than fantasy。4/5 not enough comedy but would definitely recommendsocrates kinda full of himself， talking up philosophers and all， but to his credit maybe he's got a point 。。。more
MorganJac
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I enjoyed this more then I thought I would but at the same time I was irritated at them all。 This posed some interesting ideas that I will have to give some thought before throwing out 🙃
Kar Yaen
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picked up this book thinking i would learn the secret of happiness， i was wrong， should had read the reviews。 now i know philosophy is not the genre i favor。
Baya
，
I did not understand a word of this for some reason。
evangeline
，
reading this reminded me of reading the bible 。
Linnea
，
Get a load of this guy。All hail the Philosopher King！
Engineer27
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Spoiler: Socrates wins the argument。
G。
，
Spoiler: de ideale staat is niet ideaal
DW
，
"The Republic is where Plato lays down his ideas of an ideal state and its rulers。 Plato's Utopian state is one which is just and his ideal rulers are philosophers。 Presented as a series of dialogue between Socrates and Plato's brothers Adeimantus and Glaucon， in eleven parts Plato step by step forms his ideal state （Part I and II）， its rulers （Part IV and Part VII）， their education， women's position （Part VI） and the position of art and poetry （Part X） in the new state。" - Goodreads reviewer"Pl "The Republic is where Plato lays down his ideas of an ideal state and its rulers。 Plato's Utopian state is one which is just and his ideal rulers are philosophers。 Presented as a series of dialogue between Socrates and Plato's brothers Adeimantus and Glaucon， in eleven parts Plato step by step forms his ideal state （Part I and II）， its rulers （Part IV and Part VII）， their education， women's position （Part VI） and the position of art and poetry （Part X） in the new state。" - Goodreads reviewer"Plato’s strategy in The Republic is to first explicate the primary notion of societal， or political， justice， and then to derive an analogous concept of individual justice。 In Books II， III， and IV， Plato identifies political justice as harmony in a structured political body。 An ideal society consists of three main classes of people—producers （craftsmen， farmers， artisans， etc。）， auxiliaries （warriors）， and guardians （rulers）; a society is just when relations between these three classes are right。 Each group must perform its appropriate function， and only that function， and each must be in the right position of power in relation to the others。 Rulers must rule， auxiliaries must uphold rulers’ convictions， and producers must limit themselves to exercising whatever skills nature granted them （farming， blacksmithing， painting， etc。）。 Justice is a principle of specialization: a principle that requires that each person fulfill the societal role to which nature fitted him and not interfere in any other business。" - Sparknotes"Never half-ass two things。 Whole ass one thing。" - Ron Swanson"Socrates' ideal city depends on education， specialization， and social structures that define family， behavior， and loyalty to the city。 Each person will specialize in a specific occupation， an occupation that is chosen for them by the city based on their aptitudes and abilities as children。 Education， especially of the guardians who will function as guards or soldiers as well as rulers， is the key to the success of the city。 Imitative literature in which the author creates the voices of different characters， "imitating" human behavior， is forbidden。 Literature must reflect only good behavior。 Those who will be laborers or craftsmen will form the "producer" class。 The best of the guardians are given special education to prepare them to rule。 The others from the initial group of guardians will become the warriors for the city。 Wives and children of the guardians are held in common。 The rulers will lead very simple lives， forbidden to touch gold or silver or to own property。 Their daily needs will be met by the other residents of the city so that guardians can rule without distraction。" - LitCharts"Socrates turns to the question of who should rule the city。 In support of his claim that the philosopher is the best ruler Socrates explains that the soul is made of three parts， the rational， the appetitive and the spirit。 In the just man， each part of the soul performs its function， directed by reason， so that the appetites and spirit are controlled。 Just as the rational part of the soul should rule over the others， the rational part of the city residents， the philosopher， should rule over the warriors and producers。 This will require that philosophers become kings， or kings become philosophers。 Only philosophers are able to truly love knowledge and truth， and only they recognize truth。 Socrates presents the allegory of the cave。 Imagine， he says， a cave， where men are chained in the dark and think that the shadows they see on the wall are reality， until one of them escapes into the sunlight and sees the physical world。 The freed prisoner later returns and tries to teach the others about the nature of truth。The philosopher is the best ruler because he understands that the objects of the physical world are copies， imitations， of the ideal Forms in the world of Ideas。 The philosopher， because he understands the Forms， has greater understanding of everything。 Consequently， the guardians must be educated in philosophy， as well as mathematics and logic。 When the guardians are mature， their education includes the study of dialectic， the art of debate。 Then， just as the prisoner returns to the cave， the guardians begin public service in preparation for later rule。 Only the best of the guardians will become philosopher-kings。 Socrates describes four kinds of cities， and the four kinds of people equivalent to the cities， ending with the worst， the tyrant。 He ends with an examination of the tyrant， showing that the tyrant is neither just nor happy。" - LitCharts 。。。more
Aimee
，
If you want to read a single philosophy book， this is the one。 Especially if you're looking for a philosophical book to read for first time！！Plato， and through him Socrates， was very intelligent， believed he was more intelligent than everyone else （no matter how many times he declared himself unwise） and very much loved to talk。 Centuries ahead of his time。 If you want to read a single philosophy book， this is the one。 Especially if you're looking for a philosophical book to read for first time！！Plato， and through him Socrates， was very intelligent， believed he was more intelligent than everyone else （no matter how many times he declared himself unwise） and very much loved to talk。 Centuries ahead of his time。 。。。more
Daniel Stepke
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i am going to read this every year for the rest of my life
Mary
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Some say this book is second only to the Bible。 Maybe I'm just crazy but I couldn't disagree more。 Ethics class made me do it。 Some say this book is second only to the Bible。 Maybe I'm just crazy but I couldn't disagree more。 Ethics class made me do it。 。。。more
VII
，
I read this because I had to， though I did read all of it， even though I didn't have to。 Many of its parts seem insulting to us now， but other parts are still extremely important， not necessarily because what they say is right， but （for me） because they influenced or even created what we take as right。 The focus of this book is probably not politics。 It doesn't seem that Plato believes that his， utopian for him and dystopian for us， city was feasible。 The city is used as an aid for elucidating j I read this because I had to， though I did read all of it， even though I didn't have to。 Many of its parts seem insulting to us now， but other parts are still extremely important， not necessarily because what they say is right， but （for me） because they influenced or even created what we take as right。 The focus of this book is probably not politics。 It doesn't seem that Plato believes that his， utopian for him and dystopian for us， city was feasible。 The city is used as an aid for elucidating justice and its effects on the individual。 In any case， that's what still remains interesting， for me at least， so I won't talk at all about the city。 After a clash with Thrasymachus， Socrates is tasked with explaining why he thinks that a just person who appears unjust and has to suffer for their illusory injustice， is happier than an unjust person who appears as just and gets benefits from their reputation。 It is an extraordinary and unrealistic demand， deeply rooted in the realization that someone can abuse the rules and laws we decided to form when we formed our communities。 One （Plato too at the end） can even raise the stakes and say that the world itself doesn't conform to them。 A cynic would say that we believed in those rules so completely that we got the impression that they express something real and universal。 Plato certainly believes that they are real and has to find a reward for the just that is basically stronger and independent of the various misfortunes that one can suffer from others。 To his credit， he doesn't rely on the cheap solution of an afterlife guaranteed by God （well， maybe a little， at the end of the book）， like almost everyone before or after him， though unfortunately， he still has to find guidance from something like a God， the form of the Good。Being just is an earthly reward because it is necessary for having a healthy soul or let's just say personality to make him contemporary。 Plato finds three separate influences inside each person: one that forms blind desires that demand to be fulfilled， with gratification being the better one word description; a second that is hard for us to understand because it somehow combines bestial aggression but also honour， courage， pride and shame; and a third one that is about rationality and deliberation。 If one is just， then their personality is healthy， because they do not allow the first two parts to ignore the third one， which is the only one that can make informed decisions and care for the whole person， but instead are guided or kept in check by it。 The reward is not just good decisions but an internal happiness， order and harmony， with every part playing the role that is best suited for， thus avoiding indecision or inner conflict。 The other two parts are not necessarily inferior and in they do things that rationality can't do， but for someone to be healthy， they can't allow them to influence the decisions that the whole， the person takes， too much。 Gratification becomes moderation and aggression becomes bravery and courage when guided by the rational， wise part。The problem is that one can be harmonious and rationally consistent but still be unjust and evil in general。 Coherence with so many variables without axioms leads to infinite coherent systems。 Plato would never have allowed something like this， so rationality， besides ruling the other parts， is the only one that has another function， of seeking and finding the truth。 Plato is humble or wise enough to never describe this truth and generally avoids providing strict rules， trusting what his philosopher-leaders will find on their own， but it is certain that to be harmonious， one has to know or to have this form of good， as it will presumably show that indeed being just as we know it， is what the Good is or wants。 Richard Kraut thinks that we can "have" and be inspired by this Good the same way we have friends， Iris Murdoch also believes that this kind of ideal is necessary or at least helpful for giving us guidance and inspiration， and of course billions found the same in gods。What I find more interesting and actually consider it Plato's sneakiest and more lasting influence is not just the guidance by something external， but also the guidance by reason and rationality。 Nietzsche， or at least the way Alexander Nehamas reads him， keeps berating Socrates for privileging reason and allowing it to enslave all the other potential influences that exist within a person。 For him harmony is possible not only in one way and not grounded by anything external or with any regard to good or evil， but in basically innumerable unique ways that depend on one's unique circumstances and character traits， the experiences， the strengths and weakness they happened to have in their lives。 But even more importantly， one can be harmonious even if rationality doesn't guide them。 There is nothing that prevents a serial killer or a schizophrenic from having a harmonious， coherent， self-fueled personality that in a way， is something like a work of art。But my greatest concern is how much I， personally， was and still am， though now less so， influenced by Plato's idea that rationality or even worse， efficiency should rule every aspect of my life。 It is of course very easy to bend rationality as much as needed in order to fit your will， but why not cut the middle man and stop deluding yourself？ Reason without rules， without something similar to Plato's Good becomes what Hume called "a slave to the passions" anyway。 Reason for Nietzschean "freethinkers" just adds a delay to an already taken decision。 It's not surprising neither that both Plato and Nietzsche （and Freud） identify indecision as the greatest disaster， nor how popular the ideal of "making the choice disappear" is， achieved by sculpting a self， probably using repetition， a kind of second nature。 It's hard to not consider this "sculpting" rational and deliberate but at least it has a reduced scope this way。 It no longer enslaves but it is also not a slave （to the passions）。And this was my attempt to make something interesting from something forced on me。 Now I will prepare myself for thinking about my exams， by following more closely the first four books， which should be even more boring for anyone unlucky enough reading it。The first book resembles a Socratic dialogue and stands out from the rest but also sets the stage for what will follow。 Its first half deals with the traditional conception of justice which views it as a series of external acts that have the property of being just and one should perform without really giving them any thought。 As usual， Socrates makes their problems apparent by introducing context and ends up confusing his opponents into accepting that their descriptions make it look like a skill， a techne， that turns out to be useless or even harmful。 Its second half features Thrasymachus， a rude， aggressive and very entertaining sophist who tries to present justice in terms of power of the strongest。 After a tedious argument about whether rulers， presented as craftmen， act in the interest of others or not， the real issue that will be the topic of the whole book is revealed。 Thrasymachus believes that one profits and is happier when acting unjustly。The first book ends with Socrates showing， quite unconvincingly， that being just is better even for the individuals and with Thrasymachus being reduced to silence。 Nicholas Pappas argues that the first book aims to show the limits of the Socratic method， of fighting with a prejudiced opponent without end。 The rest of the book is no longer a fight but Socrates talking and teaching two people that want to believe and be convinced by him。 A probably not that popular idea is that Glaukon represents the brave part of the soul （thimikon） and Adeimantus its moderate part （epithimikon）， with both being guided by the wise part， Socrates， in this discussion。 I think we can generalize and make the first book an example of those dialectic battles that they used to have in which the goal was to win and make the other appear inconsistent without necessarily believing what you say， basically like acting in a show。 Thrasymachus says that he is presenting 'a' view and avoids answering whether he believes it or not， and by the end he is ironically informing Socrates that he will agree to whatever he says， implicitly implying that he doesn't care any more。 Socrates wins the argument but nobody is convinced， with even the brothers telling him that he only appeared to win。 This is not the right way to converse。The second book begins with the brothers （brothers of Plato actually） asking from Socrates to show them that justice is good for the individual in itself， without taking in account all the benefits that come from participating in a society， which leads to the unrealistic comparison between the perfectly just and perfectly unjust person。 Pappas mentions the distinction between physis and nomos。 The fear is that if justice is a social arrangement then its benefits can't be more than what society grants to those who are just。 Consequences that come naturally， for example being strong because of being healthy are part of physis so of justice in itself， but being able to find a job because of that strength is part of nomos， so it is an "artificial" consequence。 Everyone agrees that there are good artificial consequences for being just but in order to show that it is good in itself （natural consequences of it included） too， this reductive analysis is needed。 It's obvious that the Greeks were placing a lot of value to what comes from nature， as it was viewed as something eternal and more true， unlike society with its relativity。 It is also apparent that the terms of what is being asked lead almost necessarily to the solution that Plato favors。 The reward of justice must be something internal or perhaps otherworldly， as every other kind of reward is part of society。Socrates decides that examining cities might reveal what justice is and does more easily than examining individuals， and that perhaps they could transfer their conclusions from examing the former to the latter。 This strengthens the view that wants Plato focusing on the individual， though he does spent way too many pages describing the city， so he must be interested in that too。 It also points to the theory of forms， viewing justice as the same in both cities and individuals。Then he describes how cities were born， finds injustice in luxuries， decides that educated leaders and soldiers are required if one wants to create the ideal city and describes their education without shying away from teaching "necessary" lies， bans poetry and any mention of unjust people gaining something and produces a dystopic organization that has three types of people that are only allowed to do what was decided in young age that their nature is。 Since his city is perfect， it must have wisdom， courage， temperance and justice， so if we find why it has the first three， whatever remains must be justice。 Unsurprisingly， wisdom comes because the wise philosopher-rulers rule， courage because the brave soldiers fight and temperance （or moderation or self-knowledge or deference， it's hard for us to pin it down） because the rest of the people know that they should obey the rulers and not overstep their boundaries （it is unclear if they do it willingly）。 What remains， justice， comes to the city exactly because everyone is doing what was meant to be doing。 It differs from temperance because it is a virtue of the whole， of the city， something that appears above and is more than the addition of the other three， while not being reducible to any of them。 It appears when classes co-operate and citizens recognize their role and do not attempt to do something their class wasn't meant to do。And like the city that has classes， souls seem to also have parts as it is possible to both have a desire and oppose it。 I already mentioned the three parts but I' ll note that the second， the thimoeides， seems to be related both to violence， possessed by children and beasts， and also to honour。 Julia Annas writes that perhaps， unlike reason， the logistikon， who always knows what to do， spirit， the thimoeides has trained and untrained versions and requires to be educated in order to side with reason more often。 She thinks that it is an emotive， about how one is affected by things and not how they think them， but it still makes some judgements。 It seems to have features of the other two， both thinking just what it wants but also whether it fits to the whole。 Another issue is that while the distinction between the three parts is done at the level of operations and not in the level of content and the epithimitikon can't be too complex or else it becomes like the logistikon， epithimitikon seems also able to do means-ends kind of reasoning and later even more complex ones like moneymaking。 Like the city then， a person is wise when the logistikon rules， brave when the thimitiko allies with it， moderate when the epithimitiko submits to reason's planning because it recognizes its superiority and just （the state of） when each part is doing its own。 Justice is more like the state that ensures psychic harmony; the logistikon rules but is backed by spirit for motivation， with desires giving in to those two。 He makes a comparison to health and he is not far from our conception of mental health， though he is too dismissive of desires。 So he sees justice as an internal relation and not to others。 And since reason rules we will learn what is justice by examining what is like for reason to rule the soul。I will not summarize the rest of the book as it mostly talks about the city and the lives of the philosophers。 As in individuals in which it is the whole that matters the most， similarly in the cities the interests of its parts， meaning the individual citizens are not important。 They are to work as a unity for the good of the city。 For that the leaders can't have property or not even know who their children are。 His goal is to make them feel that the whole city is their family。 In the end those philosophers-leaders raised by an exhaustive educational system are able to get closer to the forms and their harmony， but they will also feel the need to "come back" from them to rule the city， like in the famous cave allegory。 。。。more
atef
，
There are things Plato， the most influential human after Muhammad and Jesus， says that you can appreciate if you rid yourself of the prejudice that he is now “outdated。”Boring af。 Platonic idealism is BS。 Only read this if you want to engage with （capital P） Philosophy， which ends with Hegel。
Alejandro Ray
，
Anyone with any opinions about life should read this book。 It will open your eyes。
Reference
google book https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=Republic
hathitrust digital library https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ls?q1=Republic&field1=ocr&a=srchls&ft=ft&lmt=ft
The British Library https://bll01.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?query=any,contains,Republic&tab=LibraryCatalog&search_scope=Not_BL_Suppress&vid=44BL_INST:BLL01&lang=en&offset=0