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The Great Mughals and Their India

The Great Mughals and Their India

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  • Create Date：2021-04-22 10:52:17
  • Update Date：2025-09-06
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  • Author：Dirk Collier
  • ISBN：9385827618
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Reviews

Mahin ，

it s an amazing book which tells us a lot about the history of the Mughals and their rule in India。 I will recommend this book to people who are interested in historical writings。

knots ，

I'll admit it。 I read it for Akbar but ended up being thoroughly engaged in the lives of the 6 Great Mughal Emperors and their not-so-great descendants。 It's clear that Akbar is the author's favorite too but he did his best to present a complete picture -faults and all。 Akbar was an enlightened ruler， great military strategist， able administrator，patron of arts etc。 At the same time he's very much a controversial figure in India as far as his religious identity is concerned。 The man believed in I'll admit it。 I read it for Akbar but ended up being thoroughly engaged in the lives of the 6 Great Mughal Emperors and their not-so-great descendants。 It's clear that Akbar is the author's favorite too but he did his best to present a complete picture -faults and all。 Akbar was an enlightened ruler， great military strategist， able administrator，patron of arts etc。 At the same time he's very much a controversial figure in India as far as his religious identity is concerned。 The man believed in all religions and none of them at the same time。 The author presents all the contradictions of the man and explores what made him so popular that he's still known by his sobriquet （Great）。 To understand that you have to understand the emperors who came before him as well as those who came after him。 The first 6 Mughals were passionate about the empire they carved out and constantly had to fight internal as well as external enemies to stay on the throne。 The quality of their enemies Shivaji， Maharana Pratap， Sher Shah Suri speak much about the valor and cunning of the Mughals。 Their history is littered with enough of their adventures，drama，addictions and romance that they provide enough material on their own for several films。 The script writer wouldn't have to strain his imagination when the original itself is so unbelievable。 Which explains why the Mughals are still fascinating to the current generation。 Forget Taj Mahal。 That's the least of their contributions。 。。。more

Syed Kazim ，

The Great Mughals And Their India by Dirk Collier is the detailed hisrory of one the greatest emire of the world known as the Mughal empire。 Starting from its founder， Babur， Dirk Collier has presented the life scenerio of every king of the dynasty in very detailed and wonderfull manner。Apart from that the author has also sheded light on the life history of every rival king of Mughal dynasty。 I found this book quite helpfull as it provides the detail of every Mughal monarch in very heart-touchin The Great Mughals And Their India by Dirk Collier is the detailed hisrory of one the greatest emire of the world known as the Mughal empire。 Starting from its founder， Babur， Dirk Collier has presented the life scenerio of every king of the dynasty in very detailed and wonderfull manner。Apart from that the author has also sheded light on the life history of every rival king of Mughal dynasty。 I found this book quite helpfull as it provides the detail of every Mughal monarch in very heart-touching way。 。。。more

Hasnain Hsni ，

Well researched， historically correct and beautifully written。 Recommended！

Daniyal Yasin ，

The author couldn't get rid of his liberal stereotypes。 Invitation to the liberal world view were inserted in an otherwise beautiful read The author couldn't get rid of his liberal stereotypes。 Invitation to the liberal world view were inserted in an otherwise beautiful read 。。。more

Naureen Khan ，

the book Is very Interesting

Iqbal Khetran ，

I have a great interest in reading about Mughals of India。

Avinash ，

It's a 4。5。The author has made great efforts to present the book in a factual manner。 The center idea of the book is that its an emporer who has worked to expand its territory。 The mughals are essentially Indians。It's a good read。 It's a 4。5。The author has made great efforts to present the book in a factual manner。 The center idea of the book is that its an emporer who has worked to expand its territory。 The mughals are essentially Indians。It's a good read。 。。。more

Farzain Ud-Din Kirmani ，

This book demonstrates the wide insight view of Mughals Dynasty from Babur to Last absolute ruler Aurangzeb。 How the unknown India for Mughals become familiarized to them with a sudden change in mind of Babur ？ The long lasting reign of 331 years comes to end in 1857 after disorder and because of many competitors like Marathas， Afghani and Britain equipped with techniques， power and latest arms respectively。 However， all these things once belonged to Mughals。 The rise of Mughals were not due to This book demonstrates the wide insight view of Mughals Dynasty from Babur to Last absolute ruler Aurangzeb。 How the unknown India for Mughals become familiarized to them with a sudden change in mind of Babur ？ The long lasting reign of 331 years comes to end in 1857 after disorder and because of many competitors like Marathas， Afghani and Britain equipped with techniques， power and latest arms respectively。 However， all these things once belonged to Mughals。 The rise of Mughals were not due to their relentless power but due to discipline， better strategies adopted in wars and above all their policy of ruling without biases。 This policy had made them eligible to rule in a country where multi-religions， multicultural， multi-traditional and areas attached to various languages existed。The decline was occured because of strict policies regarding religion and also the expansion of empire was creating difficulties for governors to hold and collect taxes。 Meanwhile， as the weakest point ever existed in Muslims history i。e。 civil war created weakness in the whole empire。 After reading this book， with melancholy it is summarized as " No More Great Mughals because India is no More Theirs"。 。。。more

Hemant Narsani ，

This book “the great Mughals and their India” is brilliantly written with all the details in the chronicle order。 This book is perfect for those who are interested to know about the history and/or creation of mughal empire in the sub-continent。 Also， this book provides enough separate detail about every Mughal emperor from Babar to the Aurangzeb。

Puneet ，

Very interestingly written。 I would want to know more about certain lesser known historical characters。 Would welcome any recommendations。

Asad Khan ，

Exciting read

Shivangi Kumar ，

It's a fascinating and riveting saga that brings alive a spectacular bygone era。 It's a fascinating and riveting saga that brings alive a spectacular bygone era。 。。。more

Ibrahim ，

Awesome

Moshiur Rony ，

Nice book to know the history of mughal empire。 Worth reading。

Amit Agarwal ，

I like the book。 Its too the point and also elaborated the incidents happened in Indian history。 Would have been better if there would have some detailing from Hindu kings and British point of view on Mughal rulings。 Also a detailed mentioned of Battle of Haldighati would also bee good。

Zeeshan Mahmood ，

The title of this concise yet sufficiently detailed book on the rise and fall of one of the greatest empires of the world is little misleading。 The more appropriate title for this book should be ‘The Great Mughals and Their Quest for India’， as the book is more about the conquests and annexations of Indian territories in the expanding and later shrinking empire of Mughals and less about their Indian legacy and heritage。It does not mean that the book does not touch on the crucial role Mughals pla The title of this concise yet sufficiently detailed book on the rise and fall of one of the greatest empires of the world is little misleading。 The more appropriate title for this book should be ‘The Great Mughals and Their Quest for India’， as the book is more about the conquests and annexations of Indian territories in the expanding and later shrinking empire of Mughals and less about their Indian legacy and heritage。It does not mean that the book does not touch on the crucial role Mughals played in the Indian art， culture， architecture， aesthetics， philosophy， politics， and conscience。 It does discuss them， though， usually with brevity and where needed， but the book mostly focuses on the wars waged by the Mughals in conquering and defending Hindustan from their neighbors， rivals， and each other。 This is the only thing which makes it a less tempting read but， nevertheless， it is an interesting and resourceful book on the topic。 Having said that， this history book by Dirk Collier is genuinely a useful primer on the Mughal empire and its everlasting impact on the history and culture of India。 It is especially good for people like me who have only read about this vast topic sporadically before （also， in fallacious and biased textbooks）。 The book is primarily helpful in understanding the chronology of the Mughal rule of more than three hundred years， starting with Babur’s accidental conquest of Hindustan， leading to the apogee of the empire in Akbar’s reign， and then its slow and painful downfall which essentially began during Aurangzeb’s life and culminated with the British forces taking over India and incarcerating the last emperor Bahadur Shah。The author has taken an impartial approach in writing the book。 This book does not fall in Muslim or Hindu camp， although from the outlook it might seem tilted more towards Muslim narrative but the author did not lose objectivity or get swayed by the common misconceptions and fabrications of either side。 On one hand， he credits few Mughals for their administrative achievements， unification of Hindustan， and pluralism， whereas， on the other hand， he does not shy in calling out some of them for their incapability， bigotry， and atrocities。Reading about Mughal era has never been more crucial than now。 There are widespread misbeliefs on both sides， which are widening the gulf between two biggest religions of this region。 In contradiction to the common believes， the Mughal Empire， with few exceptions， is the epitome of co-existence and co-operation of people of different creeds， cultures， languages， and ethnicities。 This should be a source of harmony instead of dissent among the denizens of the sub-continent。 Shah Jahan’s eldest son Dara Shikoh used to call the fateful encounter of Islam with the ancient Hindu civilization Majma-ul-Bahrain （مجمع البحرین）， ‘the confluence of two oceans’。 There can be no better way to put it than this。This book tries its best to bust many myths and misconceptions about the spread of Islam and expansion of Mughal rule in Hindustan。 The spread of Islam in the region can be attributed to many factors but linking it with sword is the most preposterous idea。 The author argues succinctly against this falsification and gives an example of Islamization on fringes， explaining that Islam mostly spread on the fringes of India， i。e。 Punjab， Sindh， and Bengal， whereas the heartland of India， which was closest to the center of power， mostly remained predominately Hindu， even during the rule of religious bigots like Aurangzeb。 This happened because power， not religion， was the primary motive of Mughal imperialists。The zenith of Mughal empire reached during Akbar the Great’s reign， who was not only a great statesman， as well as an absolutist and shameless imperialist， but also a staunch proponent of syncretism。 He was the forerunner of secular India and will remain a beacon of hope for secularists in this region。 The biggest lesson to be learned from the entire Mughal history is that it reached its glory when it did not discriminate its people based on religion and created an effective and just system for its people。 Whereas， the empire got weakened and ultimately diminished when it opted for discriminating policies， injustice， and corruption。The history of Mughal era is full of contradictions and paradoxes。 It is a story of achievements and failures， war and peace， pluralism and bigotry， conquests and defeats， loyalty and infidelity， and love and rivalry。 The impact of Mughals on Indian history and culture is everlasting and irreversible。 It is the shared history of people of this land and should be a source of harmony and peace among them。 。。。more

Syed Ali Altaf ，

This book is a must read for anyone who wants to understand the Mughal history without being bogged down by too much detail。 The writer did a fantastic job of captivating readers attention。I would only wish if Dirk Collier had used more maps， instead of using only a single map during the reign of Akbar。All in all highly recommended。

Sarang Shaikh ，

This book gets you to a journey of Mughals Legend and how they thrived and later-on strived to keep intact their empire which was confronted by many adversaries at the end of its dismissal。 Never had I read such an eloquent and well-written book about Mughal's history。 Nearing to finish the book， I was a bit saddened at how the kingdom of Mughals came to a disastrous end。 This book gets you to a journey of Mughals Legend and how they thrived and later-on strived to keep intact their empire which was confronted by many adversaries at the end of its dismissal。 Never had I read such an eloquent and well-written book about Mughal's history。 Nearing to finish the book， I was a bit saddened at how the kingdom of Mughals came to a disastrous end。 。。。more

Saket Suman ，

The British had proven their mettle in most rebellious regions of Mughal India by the end of March 1858， a year after the first war of Independence broke out。 But just a year before that， "chaotic times ensued， with precious little civil administration and no military unity of command and coordination at all。 It was only a matter of time before the city would fall。 When it did， on 14 September， 1857， the British victory was accompanied by the most brutal， wanton massacre"。 Bahadur Shah Zafar had The British had proven their mettle in most rebellious regions of Mughal India by the end of March 1858， a year after the first war of Independence broke out。 But just a year before that， "chaotic times ensued， with precious little civil administration and no military unity of command and coordination at all。 It was only a matter of time before the city would fall。 When it did， on 14 September， 1857， the British victory was accompanied by the most brutal， wanton massacre"。 Bahadur Shah Zafar had taken refuge in Humayun's tomb and he surrendered peacefully on 20 September。 "Nevertheless， the repression against his family was no less brutal than that against his people。 The emperor's sons and grandson were shot dead the following day in cold blood at what came to be called Khooni Darwaza。 The emperor was also found guilty of treason， assistance to rebellion and complicity in the murder of 49 people and was exiled to Rangoon， where death finally put him out of misery。This， as we understand many years later， was the final nail in the coffin of the Mughal empire and thus one of the immediate reasons for the downfall of Mughal empire was their active participation or support for those fighting against the British in the first war of Independence。Yet there has been quite a debate in the recent past on the extent to which the Mughals belonged to India， irked particularly by the changing of the name of a road that was earlier dedicated to Aurangazeb。 From academics to common non-fiction works， there has been a tendency to look down upon the Mughals as "outsiders"， "invaders" or "attackers"， but here is a writer of uncertainity with his latest， The Great Mughals And Their India， out in stores now。The writer of our subject is Dirk Collier， best known for The Emperor's Writings （2011）， which narrates the true story of Akbar's life and times in a fictionalised manner。 It delineates his swift and spectacular rise to absolute power and his remarkably modern vision of a prosperous， diverse and tolerant Hindustan， against the backdrop of his eventful personal life， his relationship with his favourite wife and the tragic conflict with Salim （Jahangir）， his only surviving son and bitter rival。 The book offers a unique historical perspective on the heart and soul of the Indian subcontinent。Collier's latest， The Great Mughals And Their India， however， is a more definitive， comprehensive and engrossing chronicle of one the greatest dynasties of the world， the Mughals， from its founder Babur to Bahadur Shah Zafar， the last of the clan。 There is little doubt that Mughal history abounds with all the ingredients of classical drama -- ambition and frustration， triumph and despair， grandeur and decline， love and hate， and loyalty and betrayal。 This masterly as well as scholarly account does immense justice to the significance that Mughals stand for and， at the same time， is great to read and offers ample food for thought and a reflection on the human condition。Much more importantly， Mughal history deserves to be widely read and reflected upon， because of its lasting cultural and socio-political relevance to today's world in general and the Indian subcontinent in particular。 "For， whether we like it or not， the Mughals have left us with a legacy that cannot be erased，" the author argues and then goes on to ask。 "With regard to the eventful reigns of Babur， Humayun， Akbar， Jahangir， Shah Jahan， Aurangzeb or their successors， crucial questions arise。 Where did they succeed？ Where did they fail？ And more importantly， what should we learn from their experiences， including both triumphs and failures？"Easy to read， spiced up with plenty of references， numerous anecdotes and incidents to keep the readers marvelling the majesty of the great empire， their leaders， the people and their times， The Great Mughals And Their Times has attempted to narrate the facets that not many dare or prefer to -- the author looks at the Mughal history from the perspective of the Mughal rulers and their subjects and not as a British or Indian or Pakistani historian。 He succeeds marvellously in this unusual attempt。 The writing along the 400-odd pages of this masterly account differs a great deal from that of most other contemporary historians， who almost always end up narrating history from their point of view。 For a general reader， with even a slight interest in Mughal history or any of their great architectural marvels， this book makes for a curious company to transcend into the epic era and know it from up close。 A well-researched and incredible piece of historical non-fiction indeed！First published in Beyond Books， The Statesman http://www。inkstreet。in/2016/06/revie。。。 。。。more

Sajith Kumar ，

An enchanting piece of work combining the entertainment of fiction with the levelheadedness of history。The Mughals ruled India only for two centuries in the real sense of the term。 But the legacy they’d left behind， in the country’s culture， languages， art， architecture and society is indelible。 The magnificent buildings erected by them， with the Taj Mahal occupying the pinnacle， continues to generate a sense of pride in the people。 The most colourful dynasty’s rule in Indian history is not， how An enchanting piece of work combining the entertainment of fiction with the levelheadedness of history。The Mughals ruled India only for two centuries in the real sense of the term。 But the legacy they’d left behind， in the country’s culture， languages， art， architecture and society is indelible。 The magnificent buildings erected by them， with the Taj Mahal occupying the pinnacle， continues to generate a sense of pride in the people。 The most colourful dynasty’s rule in Indian history is not， however， without its due share of horrible atrocities and religious strife。 But on the whole， it united the country when the power of sultanates was waning and made it ready for the transition to modernity with the advent of the British。 Dirk Collier tells the story of the origin and demise of the powerful Mughal dynasty in India， right from Babur from the central Asian principality of Ferghana， and ending with the death of Bahadur Shah Zafar in Burma， unattended and unmourned in exile。 The author is a lawyer and businessman and serves on the board of several organizations。 His passion for Asian culture and history was aroused as a result of travels through the continent， predominantly in India and China and he has authored another book of fiction on Akbar the Great。 This book is eminently readable for all categories of readers。The demolition of the disputed structure at Ayodhya in 1992， which was believed by some to be a mosque built by Babur and by many as the birthplace of Lord Ram， was the single most significant event in the socio-political history of independent India。 Claiming that the mosque was built on the site of a demolished Hindu temple， militant nationalists destroyed the structure which was more than four centuries old， sparking a spate of communal riots in which hundreds of people belonging to both communities perished。 This incident brought into sharp focus the antecedents of Babur， the founder of the Mughal Empire。 Widely believed to be a brave warrior， able administrator and insightful founder of India’s most glamorous dynasty， Babur gets a neat dressing down in the book。 Readers would be shocked to find that this man was thought to be a coward and traitor in Persian history。 Babur held Samarkand thrice， but each time， he had to flee for his life。 During the second attempt， he faced a mighty Uzbek army under the able leadership of Shaybani Khan。 Sure of defeat， Babur felt like a trapped rat。 His cunning stratagems were to no avail against the Uzbek might。 In the end， an agreement was reached when Babur agreed to send his beloved elder sister as a concubine to Shaybani Khan’s harem。 Babur escaped with his life and eventually established a kingdom in Kabul。 His hopes were raised when the Uzbeks were defeated in their battle against Shah Ismail of Persia。 The Persians killed Shaybani Khan and handed Samarkand over to Babur on a platter， on the condition that Babur should convert to Shiism along with the citizens of Samarkand。 Ever ready to jump at the chance offered to him， Babur readily agreed。 But the people of Samarkand， who took pride in their Sunni tradition and having much more self-respect than their new king， were in no mood to listen。 When Babur’s atrocities against the city’s revered Sunni clerics became unbearable， they rose up in revolt and kicked the pretender out。 Joined by Uzbeks， the people of Samarkand opened many fronts of war。 At Bukhara， when Babur was on the verge of defeat as he usually was against the Uzbeks， Babur begged for Persian help。 The Shah graciously sent Najm Beg， a war veteran to relieve him。 But the Uzbeks made a surprise attack， in which Beg was killed。 The amazing fact was that Babur fled from the scene of battle， with his tail between his legs， abandoning the brave general to his fate who had come all the way from Persia to rescue him。 Babur’s personal life was peculiar， even by medieval standards。 It appears that he ran a strong trait of homosexuality towards a shapely boy from the camp market and is recorded in his own memoir， Baburnama。 His memoir in this regard is shocking to puritanical sentiments as it runs “I developed a strange inclination for him。 Before this experience， I had never felt a desire for anyone， nor did I listen to talk of love and affection or speak of such things。 I was so bashful that I could not look him in the face， much less converse freely with him。 In my excitement and agitation， I could not thank him for coming， much less complain of his leaving…One day…。all at once I found myself face-to-face with the boy， and I was so ashamed I almost went to pieces。 There was no possibility of looking straight at him or of speaking coherently。 With a hundred embarrassments and difficulties I got past him” （p。47）。 Looks very much like the diary of a young girl， but unbelievably candid from a celebrated scion of pious rectitude！ Collier also compares Babur to Hitler for his unapologetic disdain for human life。 His self-righteous egotism made him believe that whatever he does to other people is right and good， provided it happens to suit his own selfish purposes。 The author asserts that the world would have been a much better place without him， or the likes of him （p。71）， which is a bit too harsh of an assessment。What Babur， Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb were not， was more than made up by the syncretistic policies of Akbar the Great。 Akbar is the true forerunner of today’s secular Indian leaders。 He exhibited a form of enlightenment rarely seen in medieval rulers。 Akbar issued regulations forbidding circumcision of young boys before the age of fifteen， an age when a boy was old enough to decide for himself。 He banned the enslavement of conquered Hindus and insisted that farmlands in subdued territories shall not be laid waste。 In order to wipe off discrimination against Hindus， he abolished the hated religious poll tax of Jizya in 1564， which was re-established in 1679 by that sanctimonious bigot， Aurangzeb。 The Ulema strongly opposed this move， claiming divine sanction in the Koran to impose such a tax on people of other religions who were not called for military service。 Akbar’s terse rejoinder was that Hindus were not exempt from military duty。 Indeed， Rajput warriors formed a major chunk of his fighting machine。 He abandoned the lunar Hijri calendar and used instead the solar Persian calendar， starting from his year of accession。 Aurangzeb reversed this policy too， and started using the ridiculously impractical lunar system for assessing land revenue based on agricultural yield！ Akbar’s greatest gift was his eclectic spirit and quest for truth in all religions。 He founded the Ibadat Khana in Agra， where religious discourses took place。 At first， only Islamic scholars – from both Sunni and Shia sects – were invited。 But the emperor was perplexed at the constant bickering between them。 If the religion was truly ordained by god， how could such mortal divergence of opinion can prevail among its followers？ Akbar got tired of legalized trivia displayed in discussions on Sharia law， and lost much of his faith。 His religious thinking got separated from the mainstream and started flowing through uncharted territory。 On ecclesiastic matters where there was discord， Akbar acquired sole right to judge by an Infallibility Decree promulgated in 1579。 He introduced Din-e-Ilahi three years later， which was a sect of his own， but didn’t survive his reign。 The book portrays Akbar as tolerant， free-thinking and eclectic， bordering on the heretical。 But of course， he practiced Islam till his death。 He respected all religions， but practically belonged to none。 His legacy of tolerance was inherited by Dara Shikoh， Shah Jahan’s eldest son， whose work ‘Majma ul-Bahrain’ （the confluence of two oceans） describes India as the fusion of the two religions of Hinduism and Islam。 Collier displays great care to basics such as how the term ‘Mughal’ came into being。 Babur was descended from Timur on the paternal and Genghis Khan on the maternal sides。 They called themselves ‘Silsila i-Gurkaniyya’ or Gurkanid dynasty， Amir Timur being a Gurkan （son-in-law along the line） of Genghis Khan。 The author’s insistence of establishing that the large scale religious conversions， wanton destruction of temples and other persecutions perpetrated on the non-Muslim populations of India by some prominent Mughals was not due to bigotry per se， but to be accounted as a show of imperialism and power。 Their limitless ambition and the desire to show off made them do it， he concur。 Collier goes out of his way to condone such cruelty in almost a dozen places in the book， with his pesky apology on behalf of the medieval tyrants， as if it is some consolation to the hapless victims。 He includes two passages from Sikander Lodi and Alauddin Khilji， who ruled before the Mughals which shows the contempt and hostility with which the sons of the soil were treated by these foreign aggressors。 The book proposes that though Islamic power was concentrated in the centre of the country， Islamization was strongest on the fringes of Sindh， Baluchistan and eastern Bengal。 This is attributed to the undeveloped or lack of penetration of Hindu social institutions there。 This argument needs to be studied in detail by scholars。The book includes colourful quotes from Abul Fazl and other contemporaries to embellish the narrative。 Fazl’s flowery and ornate pedantry helps to evaluate the level of sycophancy demanded by a medieval monarch。 He includes a gruesome description of the blinding of Kamran， Humayun’s brother who lost out in the war of succession， that was the bane of the Mughals。 He was overpowered and a sharp lancet pierced into both of his eyes – fifty times in a row to make the deed foolproof！ The prince bravely withstood the torture， but at the end of it， when a mixture of lemon juice and salt was sprinkled on the wound， he broke down and cried out。 Later emperors after Aurangzeb were mocked and humiliated by all。 Shah Alam II’s eyes were gouged out with bare hands by Ghulam Qadir， an Afghan chief who captured the palace briefly。 To add insult to the injury， the emperor’s son – later crowned as Akbar II – was forced to dance before his father’s tormentor like a slave girl。This is a fine work of historical overview， without delving too much into the finer details。 Historical maps are not included， the only one that of the times of Akbar the Great is given as the frontispiece。 Collier has avoided anything that might distract the reader from thoroughly enjoying the book。 There is not a single page in it where the reader feels bored。 The author has included a section on Taj Mahal， and for dispelling the common misconceptions associated with it like the Black Taj and the urban legend that Shah Jahan had killed the architect after the monument was constructed。 A good bibliography and an excellent index add more value to the book。The book is highly recommended。 。。。more

Reference

google book https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=The Great Mughals and Their India

hathitrust digital library https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ls?q1=The Great Mughals and Their India&field1=ocr&a=srchls&ft=ft&lmt=ft

The British Library https://bll01.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?query=any,contains,The Great Mughals and Their India&tab=LibraryCatalog&search_scope=Not_BL_Suppress&vid=44BL_INST:BLL01&lang=en&offset=0