The Habsburgs: To Rule the World
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- Create Date：2022-08-05 06:51:35
- Update Date：2025-09-06
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- Author：Martyn Rady
- ISBN：1541644514
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Summary
“A feat of both scholarship and storytelling” （Wall Street Journal）—the definitive history of a powerful family dynasty who dominated Europe for centuries。
In The Habsburgs， Martyn Rady tells the epic story of a dynasty and the world it built—and then lost—over nearly a millennium。 From modest origins， the Habsburgs gained control of the Holy Roman Empire in the fifteenth century。 Then， in a few decades， their possessions rapidly expanded to take in a large part of Europe， stretching from Hungary to Spain， and parts of the New World and the Far East。 The Habsburgs dominated Central Europe through the First World War。
Historians often depict the Habsburgs as leaders of a ramshackle empire。 But Rady reveals their enduring power， driven by the belief that they were destined to rule the world as defenders of the Roman Catholic Church， guarantors of peace， and patrons of learning。 This is the remarkable history of a dynasty that forever changed Europe and the world。
In The Habsburgs， Martyn Rady tells the epic story of a dynasty and the world it built—and then lost—over nearly a millennium。 From modest origins， the Habsburgs gained control of the Holy Roman Empire in the fifteenth century。 Then， in a few decades， their possessions rapidly expanded to take in a large part of Europe， stretching from Hungary to Spain， and parts of the New World and the Far East。 The Habsburgs dominated Central Europe through the First World War。
Historians often depict the Habsburgs as leaders of a ramshackle empire。 But Rady reveals their enduring power， driven by the belief that they were destined to rule the world as defenders of the Roman Catholic Church， guarantors of peace， and patrons of learning。 This is the remarkable history of a dynasty that forever changed Europe and the world。
Reviews
Kajetan Walczak
，
Random purchase turned out to be one of the best lectures recently。 Full of facts but also interesting stories。 Every chapter is a separate arc。 Every time I had a question it was resolved without reaching out to Wikipedia。
Romulus
，
Piąta gwiazdka za przystępność。 Doskonale się ją czyta。 Autor prowadzi czytelników przez całą historię rodu nie popadając w przytłaczające detale。 A mimo to w historii tej jest tak wiele treści， że może mimo to przytłoczyć。 Historia tej dynastii jest bogata， obfitująca w kłamstwa i legendy a przez to też fascynująca。 Zresztą， kłamstwa i legendy na swój temat tworzyli sami Habsburgowie （ale jaki ród nie tworzył - nawet polska szlachta in gremio wierzyła w sarmackie bajki， aby odróżnić się od swoi Piąta gwiazdka za przystępność。 Doskonale się ją czyta。 Autor prowadzi czytelników przez całą historię rodu nie popadając w przytłaczające detale。 A mimo to w historii tej jest tak wiele treści， że może mimo to przytłoczyć。 Historia tej dynastii jest bogata， obfitująca w kłamstwa i legendy a przez to też fascynująca。 Zresztą， kłamstwa i legendy na swój temat tworzyli sami Habsburgowie （ale jaki ród nie tworzył - nawet polska szlachta in gremio wierzyła w sarmackie bajki， aby odróżnić się od swoich niewolników）。 Głównie po to， aby dodać sobie splendoru， kiedy wspinali się na szczyt。 A zaczynali jako skromny ród na terenie dzisiejszej Szwajcarii （bliżej im było do tzw。 baronów rozbójników）。 Zaczynali brutalnie， od zwykłego， bezwzględnego rabowania - także kościołów i klasztorów - i stopniowo wspinali się po drabinie dynastycznej postfrankijskiej Europy。 Trochę szczęścia plus żywotność rodu sprawiło， że ze wygrali bo byli ostatnimi spośród rywali， którzy trzymali się na nogach。 :） Można napisać， że po pierwszym upadku w średniowieczu dalej mieli z górki。 Choć ich upadek z dzisiejszej perspektywy zaczął się wcześnie。 Ale był rozłożony na lata， tak jak upadek imperium， które stworzyli na dwóch kontynentach。 Najpierw upadła gałąź hiszpańska - najszybciej degenerując się intelektualnie i genetycznie。 Środkowoeuropejska przetrwała jako znacząca siła do końca I wojny światowej。 Chyba żaden panujący ród nie odcisnął większego piętna na historii Europy。 Dla mnie zawsze kojarzyli się z katolickim fanatyzmem i religijnym monolitem。 A to nieprawda。 Było wśród licznych władców kilka łebskich jednostek， w tym kobiet （fascynująca cesarzowa Maria Teresa）， które wybijały się ponad takie proste etykiety。 O ile hiszpańską gałąź arcykatolickich władców pokonała głównie genetyka z powodu kazirodczych związków， tak tych z Europy Środkowej - pokonała historia。 Tak czy siak， dzieje mieli imponujące i czytanie o tym sprawiło mi sporo frajdy。 。。。more
Elliott Malik
，
Stretching from their origins in the Swiss Aargau， through their rise to international supremacy， their complex decline， and to the final Emperor’s burial back in the ancestral Abbey in the Aargau， Rady has produced an excellent overview of one of the most important dynasties in history。Rady is able to tell the tale of the Habsburgs in a most approachable way。 From discussion of great affairs of state to actions taken by the peasantry in provincial towns。 The author’s personal opinion shines thr Stretching from their origins in the Swiss Aargau， through their rise to international supremacy， their complex decline， and to the final Emperor’s burial back in the ancestral Abbey in the Aargau， Rady has produced an excellent overview of one of the most important dynasties in history。Rady is able to tell the tale of the Habsburgs in a most approachable way。 From discussion of great affairs of state to actions taken by the peasantry in provincial towns。 The author’s personal opinion shines through on occasion。 Whilst this can add to the richness， it was an occasional jolt of modern subjectivity。The underlying tragedy of the Habsburgs is illuminated， with the Habsburgs finding success and then pushing a step too far。 Could the Habsburgs have tasted greater success， or could they have arrested their decline？ The book certainly highlights times when these were possible。 The book presents the Habsburgs as an exemplicition of the adage ‘after pride comes the fall’。The book becomes more detailed as it goes on， with the early chapters suffering from the speed at which Rady moved through them。 However， there is a remarkable amount of content， buttressed by 42 pages of illustration notes and further reading。If you wish for a solid foundation of knowledge for this most remarkable of dynasties， this book is a must-read。 。。。more
Lee Butterfield
，
An amazing synthesis of 900 years of history。 Frequently witty and a joy to read。
blaz
，
Nice quick run through the Habsburg dynasty， from minor nobles in north Switzerland， to rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Spanish empire， to falling out of rule at the end of Austria-Hungary。 The book is only about 350 pages and covers 1000 years of history across Central， Western and Southern Europe with some sections in the Americas too， so each chapter is pretty brief。 Rady focuses more on the social， cultural and political history of the Habsburgs， which is fair enough for a dynasty with a Nice quick run through the Habsburg dynasty， from minor nobles in north Switzerland， to rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Spanish empire， to falling out of rule at the end of Austria-Hungary。 The book is only about 350 pages and covers 1000 years of history across Central， Western and Southern Europe with some sections in the Americas too， so each chapter is pretty brief。 Rady focuses more on the social， cultural and political history of the Habsburgs， which is fair enough for a dynasty with a propensity to ‘lose the war but win at the negotiating table’。 Part of this approach is a look at the ideology the Habsburgs presented about themselves throughout their history， and how it changed over time。 At different times they presented and conceived of themselves as protectors of Christendom， a bulwark against Turkish expansion， a universal empire， the successors of Rome， and the patrons of all human knowledge。 Later chapters in Austria-Hungary had some great history of the cultural development of the empire， explaining the architectural， artistic， literary and intellectual trends that made 19th to early 20th century Vienna such a cultural powerhouse。 Great supplement to my current travels through Central Europe and Spain。 。。。more
Mohd Jamizal
，
Colorful lots of political intrgue， persecution， success， religious adherence， conflicts and allegiance。
Monthly Bookworm
，
I've stumbled across "The Habsburgs" at the airport on my way to my summer vacation and picked it because the history of the Habsburgs has incited my interest for a few reasons。 First of all， I learned as a child that the Habsburgs are often considered to be the primary archenemies of the early Swiss （in the 13th and 14th centuries）， even though the dynasty itself originates from Switzerland （specifically today's Canton of Aargau）。 Second， I later on learned how important they were in the histor I've stumbled across "The Habsburgs" at the airport on my way to my summer vacation and picked it because the history of the Habsburgs has incited my interest for a few reasons。 First of all， I learned as a child that the Habsburgs are often considered to be the primary archenemies of the early Swiss （in the 13th and 14th centuries）， even though the dynasty itself originates from Switzerland （specifically today's Canton of Aargau）。 Second， I later on learned how important they were in the history of Europe as a whole。 Still， I never really felt like I've propperly understood their role and influence。 Third， when I visited Vienna for the first time earlier this year， I also visited the Ducal Crypt - the burial chamber beneath the St。 Stephen's cathedral where many Habsurgs' inner organs were entombed （while their bodies and hearts were placed elsewere respectively）。 Rady's history of the Habsburgs has delivered quite what I expected: 330 pages packed with a detailed account of the dynasty's influence and role in Europe and even the world from around the tenth century all the way to the end of the twentieth。 Unfortunately， the sheer amount of information he's aspired to cover in only so many pages results in an extremely dense text， and I doubt whether I will truly remember very much after a few months。 After all， a whole millenium of European history and quite some family details from the same timespan is packed into a comparatively short book。 Maybe the book should have been a bit longer。 Maybe the relevant part of the Habsburg family tree should have been repeated at the beginning of each chapter for orientation。 Or maybe Rady should have focused a bit more on core information instead of including whole chapter e。g。 on baroque architecture。 All in all I don't regret to have read it， but as already mentioned am doubtful about its lasting impression on me。 。。。more
Christoph Monschein
，
great overview， easy to read as it is split into short 20 min chapters per period - critical perspective and full of learnings about multi-ethnic and multi-lingual empire that some consider the forefather of the European union
Juan Manuel
，
Desde que tengo uso de memoria， la milenaria dinastía de los Habsburgo ha estimulado incesantemente mi imaginación y ha guiado muchas de mis lecturas: desde los grandes novelistas centroeuropeos de la primera mitad del siglo XX hasta la presencia de ese mito en la literatura mexicana de las últimas décadas。
Thomas
，
I think it should go without saying that the sweeping thousand-year history of one of the world’s most powerful and inbred families was going to be endlessly fascinating。Martyn Rady does a terrific job of taking us through the great cavalcade of interesting characters and events that shaped Europe and the whole world during the centuries that the Habsburgs managed to scheme and breed their way to the top and then gradually lose it all again。 Endless fascinating stories well told。I enjoyed this o I think it should go without saying that the sweeping thousand-year history of one of the world’s most powerful and inbred families was going to be endlessly fascinating。Martyn Rady does a terrific job of taking us through the great cavalcade of interesting characters and events that shaped Europe and the whole world during the centuries that the Habsburgs managed to scheme and breed their way to the top and then gradually lose it all again。 Endless fascinating stories well told。I enjoyed this one a lot。 。。。more
Ophelia
，
The book felt like it tried to cover too much and lacked real story-lines and personification of the people involved。 It was like a scatter gun of information that didn’t hold my attention。
Bruce
，
As one who loves history and loves Austria （served a 2 year mission for my church there）， I loved this book！！！ I knew about the Habsburg dynasty and the Holy Roman Empire connection but this book gave a lot more information and enlightened me！ It goes through a lot of info very quickly and one could argue that it doesn't go deep on anything， which is true， but considering the many centuries it was covering it was either cover a lot lightly or a little deeply。 I enjoyed the overview and gives me As one who loves history and loves Austria （served a 2 year mission for my church there）， I loved this book！！！ I knew about the Habsburg dynasty and the Holy Roman Empire connection but this book gave a lot more information and enlightened me！ It goes through a lot of info very quickly and one could argue that it doesn't go deep on anything， which is true， but considering the many centuries it was covering it was either cover a lot lightly or a little deeply。 I enjoyed the overview and gives me things that I may want to go back and dig deep on。 I definitely recommend it to history lovers with the caveat that this is a broad overview and further， targeted research may be inspired by this book。 。。。more
Lucía
，
This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers。 To view it， click here。 Simply regurgitating the opinions in one's source material leads to some rather strange and dated statements in search of a thesis。 Also， sometimes what is included seems trivial when compared to what is left out。 Sweeping scope。 A few good anecdotes。 Some horrifically racist and misogynistic statements presented as facts。 Simply regurgitating the opinions in one's source material leads to some rather strange and dated statements in search of a thesis。 Also， sometimes what is included seems trivial when compared to what is left out。 Sweeping scope。 A few good anecdotes。 Some horrifically racist and misogynistic statements presented as facts。 。。。more
Sandra
，
An incredibly comprehensive history of the Habsburg Empire， going through their falls， rises， splits， and the eventual end of the dynasty。 Although some portions， especially near the beginning， were on the drier side， the author still manages to insert moments of humour that make the entire reading experience more enjoyable。
Chris Nardo
，
If you have to read one book about one of the royal Families of Europe。 This would cover you for much of the continent。 At one point， both halves of the Habsburg Family controlled Spain ， the New World colonies of Spain， much of Central Europe， parts of Germany and the Low Countries。 It was a fascinating journey from beginning to the end。 The end of the Empire set the stage for Balkanization of SE Europe and to this the day shapes the culture of Central & SE Europe。 A good read。
Kevin Christiansen
，
A nice survey of the Habsburgs。 Solid read。
Nadia Amina
，
Martyn Rady managed to make his book incredibly interesting。 The chapters are very clear， so that you don't quickly lose motivation like in other books with many pages。 For me it was a great addition to what I learned at university。 But I also think it is an incredibly good book for anyone who is not afraid to read a long book and is interested in history and especially monarchies。 I myself have read the German edition of the book， not in the originally published English version。 I usually like Martyn Rady managed to make his book incredibly interesting。 The chapters are very clear， so that you don't quickly lose motivation like in other books with many pages。 For me it was a great addition to what I learned at university。 But I also think it is an incredibly good book for anyone who is not afraid to read a long book and is interested in history and especially monarchies。 I myself have read the German edition of the book， not in the originally published English version。 I usually like to read works in their original language， but since the book was a gift， I had this one at home。 But I have to say that the German version didn't disappoint me at all。 It's worth checking out the book in your nearest bookstore。 I look forward to Martyn Rady releasing more books as I think I will enjoy them too。 。。。more
Mshelton50
，
To deal with the Habsburgs， from Radbot （lived 985 to 1045） through the last Austro-Hungarian monarch， Charles I， is a formidable task， but to do it in 329 sparkling pages is quite an accomplishment。 Prof。 Martyn Rady has done it brilliantly in this volume。 Whether dealing with complex issues like governance of the Holy Roman Empire， or the intricacies of the Spanish Succession， Rady handles it all with aplomb， and a real ability to get to the heart of the matter。 Throughout， his prose is as enl To deal with the Habsburgs， from Radbot （lived 985 to 1045） through the last Austro-Hungarian monarch， Charles I， is a formidable task， but to do it in 329 sparkling pages is quite an accomplishment。 Prof。 Martyn Rady has done it brilliantly in this volume。 Whether dealing with complex issues like governance of the Holy Roman Empire， or the intricacies of the Spanish Succession， Rady handles it all with aplomb， and a real ability to get to the heart of the matter。 Throughout， his prose is as enlivening as his analysis。 The book deals with many topics that are vitally important today （e。g。， nationalism， Great Power politics）， but also reads as an extended family saga， which of course it is。 I highly recommend this book to anyone interested in modern European history。 。。。more
Bernardo Bräuer
，
alles erdreich ist österreich untertan。 somente isso。
Klaas Bisschop
，
Martyn Rady heeft in zijn boek een onmetelijke hoeveelheid gegevens verzameld， geordend en gepresenteerd。 Vanaf ongeveer het jaar duizend tot en met onze tijd beschrijft hij het wel en wee van de familie Habsburg en beperkt zich daarbij niet tot de traditionele ‘drie generaties’。 😉 Dat leidt tot een boek met veel namen die op elkaar lijken， zelfs als je de achternaam buiten beschouwing laat。 En dat vereist aandacht， veel aandacht。 Ook voor alle historisch relevante voorvallen die langs de rode l Martyn Rady heeft in zijn boek een onmetelijke hoeveelheid gegevens verzameld， geordend en gepresenteerd。 Vanaf ongeveer het jaar duizend tot en met onze tijd beschrijft hij het wel en wee van de familie Habsburg en beperkt zich daarbij niet tot de traditionele ‘drie generaties’。 😉 Dat leidt tot een boek met veel namen die op elkaar lijken， zelfs als je de achternaam buiten beschouwing laat。 En dat vereist aandacht， veel aandacht。 Ook voor alle historisch relevante voorvallen die langs de rode lijn van het familieverband plaats vinden。 En dat viel niet mee。Omdat dat alles in （slechts） zo’n 450 pagina’s verteld wordt gaat de auteur soms erg snel。 Dankzij de vijf pagina’s stamboom voor in het boek is het verhaal van de familie wel terug te vinden en soepel te ordenen。 Maar de omringende gebeurtenissen worden soms wel erg vlot geschetst， waarbij redelijk wat voorkennis verondersteld wordt。 Aardig zijn de uitweidingen over alchemie， vrijmetselaars， barok， automata， botanisten， censuur en opera。 Sterk vond ik de korte karakteristieken， bijvoorbeeld op pagina 236/237， van de Verlichting。 Als onderliggende bijzaak besteed Rady daar niet heel veel tekst aan， maar in zijn compactheid treft hij toch de kern。 Dat vind ik knap。 Op pagina 221/222 wordt ‘even’ de geschiedenis van de staatsvorming samengevat （Ik had even een Auke van der Woud-momentje， met name m。b。t。 de ‘geschiedenis’ van de huisnummers）。Al met al schrijft Rady respectvol over de dynastie van de Habsburgers， wat mij betreft met een beetje teveel respect。 De kern van hun succes lag buiten de familie。 Waar de Habsburgers goed in waren was bovengemiddeld veel zonen verwekken die dan ook nog eens bovengemiddeld lang leefden。 In een maatschappij waar erfrecht via de mannelijke lijn tot steeds meer macht leidt kom je dan vanzelf boven drijven。 Niet echt een verdienste。Dan was er ook nog het mechanisme van het ‘toernooi-model’。 Dat wil zeggen dat binnen de top de kandidaten feitelijk allemaal even goed zijn。 Tijdens het toernooi hangt het dan van toevalligheden af wie eerste wordt。 Die uitslag hangt heel weinig samen met de onderscheidende kwaliteiten van de deelnemers en heel veel met de toevalligheden。In zijn conclusie is hij voorzichtig complimenteus over alles wat de Habsburgers toch maar hebben ‘neergezet’。 Ik snap die voorzichtigheid wel。 Ook daar is het meeste hen overkomen。 。。。more
Len Boselovic
，
There is undeniably commendable scholarship here。 But vast amounts of it are so densely impenetrable， so excruciatingly tedious， or so mind numbingly boring to be of interest to someone who is much more than casually interested in history。
Marjet Manenschijn
，
Boek gelezen ivm deelname aan leesclub geschiedenis。 Nog nooit eerder deelgenomen aan een leesclub maar als alle boeken zijn als deze dan is mijn deelname van heel korte duur。 Heb me echt door het boek moeten worstelen。Teveel info over een veel te lange periode。 Het verhaal is gortdroog， personages gaan niet leven en op een gegeven moment weet je niet meer wat je gelezen hebt…。Er worden ook veel moeilijke woorden gebruikt en soms gaat de schrijver ervan uit dat je bepaalde dingen weet。 Ook vind Boek gelezen ivm deelname aan leesclub geschiedenis。 Nog nooit eerder deelgenomen aan een leesclub maar als alle boeken zijn als deze dan is mijn deelname van heel korte duur。 Heb me echt door het boek moeten worstelen。Teveel info over een veel te lange periode。 Het verhaal is gortdroog， personages gaan niet leven en op een gegeven moment weet je niet meer wat je gelezen hebt…。Er worden ook veel moeilijke woorden gebruikt en soms gaat de schrijver ervan uit dat je bepaalde dingen weet。 Ook vind ik de schrijver niet altijd objectief。Hoop dat het volgende boek dat we met de leesclub beter is :） 。。。more
Robert Theodorson
，
Engaging and masterfully written！Rady covers the entire history of the Habsburgs without leaving out a single detail while simultaneously keeping the pace of the read nice and quick with 9-12 page chapters。 The Habsburgs takes you on a journey from their small Medieval castle in NW Switzerland to their Spanish and HRE Golden Eras， and ultimately ends with their demise after WW1。 This was a fantastic book and a must read for fans of Central European history！
Carrie
，
3。5* rounded up。 I found it really dry。
Katya
，
Insightful overview of the complex history of the Habsburgs' Empire。 Some chapters start from a unique point of view; it's not just a recital of dates and places。 Insightful overview of the complex history of the Habsburgs' Empire。 Some chapters start from a unique point of view; it's not just a recital of dates and places。 。。。more
Katie Bonzer
，
The Hapsburgs: To Rule The World; I have an affinity for the history of central and Western Europe， especially for the dynasties that ravaged the areas， this royal family is the example of horror， racism and religious terrorism。 A disgustingly captivating chronical of incest and the inception of modern deceit。
Eva
，
Kniha prehľadne spracuváva veľký objem informácií v ľahko zapamätateľných kapitolách a poslúži ako relatívne stručný prehľad Habsubrgovcov po politickej aj kultúrnej stránke。 Slovenský preklad je však bohužiaľ veľmi， veľmi slabý。 Zo zbežného googlenia mi vychádza že prekladateľské duo sa zameriava na historické preklady a nepochybujem， že čo sa týka reálií a historických faktov odviedli dobrú prácu。 Čo sa však týka metafor， ustálených slovných spojení alebo aj o trochu komplikovanejších súvetí， Kniha prehľadne spracuváva veľký objem informácií v ľahko zapamätateľných kapitolách a poslúži ako relatívne stručný prehľad Habsubrgovcov po politickej aj kultúrnej stránke。 Slovenský preklad je však bohužiaľ veľmi， veľmi slabý。 Zo zbežného googlenia mi vychádza že prekladateľské duo sa zameriava na historické preklady a nepochybujem， že čo sa týka reálií a historických faktov odviedli dobrú prácu。 Čo sa však týka metafor， ustálených slovných spojení alebo aj o trochu komplikovanejších súvetí， je jasné， že si s nimi prekladatelia nevedeli poradiť， a že sa ani nikto nesnažil po nich text zredigovať。 V pár kapitolách som našla nielen faktograficky nesprávne informácie （kde prekladatelia napr。 nepochopili iróniu autora）， ale predovšetkým krkolomné a miestami úplne nezmyselné vety pri ktorých mi nie je jasné， ako mohli vôbec prejsť redakčným procesom。Plne chápem že prekladateľská činnosť je náročná， nedocenená a zle platená， ale od takéhoto veľkého projektu a od nakladateľstva ako je Slovart ktoré sa hrdí kvalitnou literatúrou som jednoznačne čakala viac。 （V rámci transparentnosti dodávam že v slovenčine som čítala knihu len po ôsmu kapitolu， potom som to vzdala a prešla na angličtinu。 Možno sa veci neskôr zlepšia。） 。。。more
Lois is recovering slowly
，
I'm struggling with rating and reviewing this。I don't think it shouldn't be read or anything like that but it isn't a decent history book either。Some of this info was well researched but a lot of this simply regurgitates other historians research without significantly stating why the author agrees and included their research vs other historians。In histories that cover large amounts of players I don't expect the author to have themselves checked 1st source documents。 I do however expect them to r I'm struggling with rating and reviewing this。I don't think it shouldn't be read or anything like that but it isn't a decent history book either。Some of this info was well researched but a lot of this simply regurgitates other historians research without significantly stating why the author agrees and included their research vs other historians。In histories that cover large amounts of players I don't expect the author to have themselves checked 1st source documents。 I do however expect them to read multiple sources and chose what best fits their narrative。 This feels like the author Googled the major players and didn't do much research beyond that。I think this can have value if you already understand the players and the game。This isn't a good introduction to the Habsburg Empire in my opinion。 。。。more
Cato
，
Het boek was zeker erg interessant。 Ik lees vaak maar vond persoonlijk de schrijfstijl erg moeilijk om geconcentreerd te blijven。 Normaal ben ik erg geïnteresseerd in de oudere bevolkingsgroepen dus dit boek was een nieuwe wending。 Ik vond de informatie die ik kreeg er waardevol al weet ik niet of ik me thuisvoel in deze tijdsgroep。 Zeker een aanrader als je geïnteresseerd bent in de Habsburgers， een volk waarover ik nog te weinig wist en waar ik nu veel waardevolle informatie heb。
Douglas Biggs
，