The Social Leap: The New Evolutionary Science of Who We Are, Where We Come From, and What Makes Us Happy
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- Create Date：2022-03-21 06:51:59
- Update Date：2025-09-07
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- Author：William Von Hippel
- ISBN：0062740407
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Summary
"A rollicking tour through humanity's evolutionary past， and von Hippel is the consummate tour guide。 With equal parts wisdom， humor， authority， and charm， he shows how our past explains the present and why our well-being rests on an understanding of how our minds evolved。"--Adam Alter， New York Times bestselling author of Drunk Tank Pink and Irresistible
Human psychology is rife with contradictions: We work hard to achieve our goals， but happiness at our success is fleeting。 We hope our friends will do well but can't help but feel jealous if they do too well。 We're aghast at the thought of people we know being murdered， but are unconcerned when our armed forces kill enemies we've never met。 We complain about difficult bosses but are often just as bad when we're in charge。
These inconsistencies may seem irrational， but each evolved to serve a vital function in our lives。 Indeed， the most fundamental aspects of our psychology were permanently shaped by the "social leap" our ancestors made from the rainforest to the savannah。 In their struggle to survive on the open grasslands， our ancestors prioritized teamwork and sociality over physical prowess， creating an entirely new kind of intelligence that forever altered our place on this planet。
A blend of anthropology， biology， history， and psychology with evolutionary science， The Social Leap traces our evolutionary history to show how events in our distant past continue to shape our lives today。 From why we exaggerate to why we believe our own lies， the implications are far-reaching and extraordinary。
Human psychology is rife with contradictions: We work hard to achieve our goals， but happiness at our success is fleeting。 We hope our friends will do well but can't help but feel jealous if they do too well。 We're aghast at the thought of people we know being murdered， but are unconcerned when our armed forces kill enemies we've never met。 We complain about difficult bosses but are often just as bad when we're in charge。
These inconsistencies may seem irrational， but each evolved to serve a vital function in our lives。 Indeed， the most fundamental aspects of our psychology were permanently shaped by the "social leap" our ancestors made from the rainforest to the savannah。 In their struggle to survive on the open grasslands， our ancestors prioritized teamwork and sociality over physical prowess， creating an entirely new kind of intelligence that forever altered our place on this planet。
A blend of anthropology， biology， history， and psychology with evolutionary science， The Social Leap traces our evolutionary history to show how events in our distant past continue to shape our lives today。 From why we exaggerate to why we believe our own lies， the implications are far-reaching and extraordinary。
Reviews
Sepideh Marjaei
，
تکامل مفهومی نرم و منعطف نیست。 هرکس زادگان بیستری از خود به جا بگذارد برنده است، و هیچ اهمیتی ندارد که چگونه به این هدف رسیده است。درواقع شرور و دوست داشتنی، خوب و بد، اخلاقی و غیر اخلاقی، اینها همه برساخته های بشند که در جهان طبیعی وجود ندارند。 تکامل فارغ از اخلاق است。
Maddy
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I couldn’t get into it
Alfonso
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The first chapter was a 10/10。 I enjoyed every single paragraph。 I learned something new on every single page。 Just incredibleI did not enjoy the second and third chapters。 I just kept reading because the first chapter was so good， that it occurred to me that if I kept reading， it might become more interesting。 It didn't happen。 Nevertheless it was a good read The first chapter was a 10/10。 I enjoyed every single paragraph。 I learned something new on every single page。 Just incredibleI did not enjoy the second and third chapters。 I just kept reading because the first chapter was so good， that it occurred to me that if I kept reading， it might become more interesting。 It didn't happen。 Nevertheless it was a good read 。。。more
Brandon
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The writing is stellar here， which made this an easier read than many popular science books。 That said， the material is highly consequential， useful， and valuable。 The final section is full of practical life advice。 Recommended。
Yaiza Gómez Mejías
，
The author shares examples to make his ideas easy to understand。 He mentions other books and authors that are most likely interesting to read。 He discusses some interesting reflections （e。g。， technical versus social innovation）。 On the other hand， some assumptions seemed based on specific studies without mentioning the impact of the cultural context or other psychological aspects of human beings other than the strictly evolutionary ones。 It is difficult to distinguish nature from nurture。 Overal The author shares examples to make his ideas easy to understand。 He mentions other books and authors that are most likely interesting to read。 He discusses some interesting reflections （e。g。， technical versus social innovation）。 On the other hand， some assumptions seemed based on specific studies without mentioning the impact of the cultural context or other psychological aspects of human beings other than the strictly evolutionary ones。 It is difficult to distinguish nature from nurture。 Overall is a nice read。 Looking forward to reading a female evolutionist author now for the sake of completeness。 。。。more
Shahrzad
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این کتاب فوقالعاده است。 چند دقیقه‌ست که تمومش کردم و قطعا دوباره مرورش می‌کنم。 از اون کتابهاست که دوس دارم به همه پیشنهادش بدم。تو خوندنش شک نکنید。
Daniel Stoll
，
William von Hippel taught me that sex+food=happiness。 I’m not good at math， but that formula makes sense to me。 4/5。
Azita
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شادکامی ما را به کارهایی برمی‌انگیزد که به بقا و تولید مثلمان کمک میکنند، اما شادکامی به‌خودی‌خود و فی‌نفسه غایت نیست。 تکامل اغلب شادکامی ما را در راه اهداف دیگر قربانی می‌کند。
Darko
，
I thought the book was pretty interesting。 I have listen to it rather than reading it。 The ending was excellent with some great insights and research。 It was worth a read and I may have to try the written version。
Zach
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This is a great book if you want to come to some sort of referenced sanity regarding how humans are the way they are this is a great book with some practical advice for how to conduct oneself。 Not too dense nor to light。 A fun book to read。
Will Byrnes
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…dealing with fellow group members is a much greater mental challenge than manipulating objects。 For this reason， many scientists have adopted the social brain hypothesis， which is the idea that primates evolved large brains to manage the social challenges inherent in dealing with other members of their highly independent groups。 -------------------------------------- …lying is a uniquely human form of social manipulation that requires substantially greater cognitive sophistication。 To tell …dealing with fellow group members is a much greater mental challenge than manipulating objects。 For this reason， many scientists have adopted the social brain hypothesis， which is the idea that primates evolved large brains to manage the social challenges inherent in dealing with other members of their highly independent groups。 -------------------------------------- …lying is a uniquely human form of social manipulation that requires substantially greater cognitive sophistication。 To tell a lie is to intentionally plant a false belief in someone else’s mind， which requires an awareness that the content of other minds differ from one’s own。 Once I understand what you understand， I’m in a position to manipulate your understanding intentionally to include falsehoods that benefit me。 That is the birth of lying。 William Von Hippel’s The Social Leap looks at the crucial importance of our social evolution as we developed from australopithecines to Homo erectus to the Homo sapiens of today。 The first phase was cutting out dependence on Trees - come on down， why don’t ya。 Of course， it was more like an eviction than an option， as changes in the environment made it necessary to descend to find greener pastures， or savannahs， actually。 （Sure sounds like being kicked out of Eden to me， going from top tier predator to prey， leaving a verdant， arboreal life for a world of danger）。 And once our great-great-grandparents had been forced down， there was a clear advantage to Bipedalism - stay up on those legs， and get a better view over the tall， tall grass， big guy。 It might give you a heads up on those incoming lions。 Of course， that took many millennia to evolve。 Those who succeeded at walking on all twos lived to breed and make more little two-steppers。 As we no longer had the need to climb， well， constantly anyway， those lower limbs could be re-focused on locomotion。 If we had not become bipedal， we almost assuredly would never have learned to throw so well， in which case the social-cognitive revolution that made us human might not have happened， either。 The physical realignment that resulted over hundreds of thousands of years is why we have creatures like Jacob deGrom walking the earth。 It allowed them to do something their predecessors could not， throw things， rocks in particular， but I expect whatever was lying about would do， which came in pretty handy when something with large claws and teeth was coming at them。 But being able to hit a moving strikezone from a distance was not， in and of itself， sufficient。 It took something more to turn this rather huge change into a formidable force，Cooperation - Instead of running in all directions from an incoming large kitty， they learned to join together with their fellow homo saps and throw rocks at the invaders。 Voila， y’all get to live another day， or at least until the next predator attack， （and you might even get a nice meal out of the exchange） but that is a lot better than it might have been had you not joined together。 This confluence of the ability to throw and the ability to throw as a group at a specific target， allowed humankind to claim the throne （iron？） of apex predator。 Think of those films about medieval battles in which a phalanx of archers launches five hundred arrows at the enemy at once。 More effective than a single archer， no？ The only things we needed to fear， as a group， were other groups of Homo erectus。William von Hoppel - image from Singularity UniversityThis combination is a major element in what separates us from our forebears （which sounds uncomfortably ursine in this context） in the primate family tree， cooperation， and learning to kill at a distance。 It is not that no other species cooperates， but there is no species that has done so to the astronomical level of Homo sapiens。 And that initial cooperation， for self AND group protection has led to a world of change。 Also， no other species has mastered the art of long-distance defense， or offense， depending， perhaps the greatest advance in military technology ever。 That change is manifest in the considerable size of our brains。 Much larger than our Australopithicus， erectus， habilis， and all our early ancestors。 Did we gain our cranial advantage from having to invent methods of coping with the world？ von Hippel says not。 He argues that most of the cause of our sudden boost in gray matter occurred because when we opted for cooperation for self-defense， that blossomed into cooperation across a passel of other matters as well， and created a social species， and that very pact of cooperation forced us to change。 …dealing with fellow group members is a much greater mental challenge than manipulating objects。 For this reason， many scientists have adopted the social brain hypothesis， which is the idea that primates evolved large brains to manage the social challenges inherent in dealing with other members of their highly independent groups。 Cooperation may have been born out of a need for self-defense， but it broadened to form the basis of a community。 Instead of only ever thinking of personal survival， our orientation was changed to having to consider the needs of the group at least as much as our own needs。 So cooperation within the group was paramount。 Anyone found to be slacking in doing their bit to support the group， piss enough of the group off， for whatever reasons， and you would likely be tossed out on your loincloth， and make a fine meal for a large local predator。 Ostracism = death = no more babies for you = how natural selection externalizes those whose behavior leads to their death。 But there was still Competition within the group for mates。 Von Hippel points out that mate choices were largely driven by females， who had a far greater amount at risk than any male。 It is not really so different today， even to the physical characteristics that we find attractive in a mate。 And then there was competition with those outside the group， which led to a not groundlessHating/Fearing of the outsider， the other。 When we evolved to the apex predator point that the only real threat to the group was from other groups of Homo erectus， we became particularly wary of outsiders。 Not only might they attack us militarily， maybe take prey and other foods in our hunting domain， but they could make us ill。 One does not need to have a theory of microbes to learn from experience that contact with certain groups is likely to result in illness。 This inclination to be wary of anyone outside our group， however that may be defined， has certainly flourished in our DNA and in our social organizations。 Thus racism， xenophobia， and bigotry of all sorts。 Part of the development of our groups， clans， tribes， et al， was the development of aTheory of Mind， meaning a desire， and some ability to see what is in someone else’s mind， gauge what they are thinking， even if the people of that time had no such grad school terminology。 They learned to evaluate what other people were thinking and learned how to turn that knowledge to their advantage。 The methods for accomplishing this make considerable use ofLying and Exaggerating But most of our smarts are going be dedicated to jockeying and manipulating our position among others。 And if that’s the case， then the truth is only semi-important。 If I can convince you of a world that’s actually favorable to me， then I can get you to back down in conflicts or defer to me when you really shouldn’t; that is a form of power。 - from the Vox interviewSound like something that might be relevant today？ Even with our predilections we are not creatures of instinct。 Unlike other animals we do not carry inside us a set of instructions on how to get by in the world。 And our brains are not even ready to take in the information until we have been around a relatively long time。 So we must be taught。 Our urges， our impulses will still be there， but we do not have to yield to them。 At least 50% of who we are， what we do， is the product of choice， and education。 As a result， our genes may not be able to order us around， but they are ever-present， and bossy。 The tale revs up big time when it gets to the beginning of agriculture。 I will leave that， and it’s very relevant look at the beginnings of contemporary society， for you to discover for yourself。 It explains a lot。Von Hippel certainly makes a strong case for our cranial ballooning being more the result of having to cope with other people， rather than from having to invent things。 We are social creatures， who are both inclined toward cooperation， but also primed for competition， for mates and against outsiders。 Thus the aphorism All’s fair and love and war。 This book was written as an attempt to help explain why we behave today in the ways that we do。 What evolutionary basis might there be for those behaviors。 …potential ancestors who wandered the woods in the moonlight were less likely to survive and procreate， and thereby less likely to pass on their proclivity for midnight strolls。 This is how evolution shapes our psychology， with the end result being that no one needs to tell you to be afraid of the dark; it comes naturally。 There are plenty of roots to be found here to the forest of our current world。 Many of the ancestral behaviors described in this book were waaaaay too familiar。 I found that throughout the book， while the socio-psychological evolution of humans was totally fascinating， I kept flashing specifically to the politics of today。 So much of what von Hippel writes of offers an understanding， or at least some insight into the psychology of politics in the time of Trump。 Don’t mistake me， I am not saying this is an anti-Trump screed。 It is not。 But some of what is in here makes understandable what seems singularly opaque about the motivations of any true Trump （or any other demagogue or authoritarian） supporter （those who are not cynically supporting Trump in order to accrue personal gain in some specific way）。 As in， how can any sane person buy into Trump’s transparent stream of lies， xenophobia， and demagoguery？ There are plenty of group-think practitioners on the left as well， but those tend not to have guns， or to bother， ya know， voting， or threatening to kill people。 But the innate need for the approval of the group makes it possible that people will believe whatever they want to believe， regardless of objective truth， and that is a very difficult barrier to breach。 Von Hippel may make this dynamic more understandable， but it makes it no less frightening and disheartening。 The similarities between ancestral and contemporary mate selection preferences was quite interesting， as is his discussion of leadership styles， contrasting the styles of those who rule for all （elephants） with those who rule only for themselves （baboons）， as is his discussion of how a division of labor enabled early man a great ability to do well in the world， as is his explanation for the basis of politeness。 This is very much a pop-psychology book， aimed at a general audience。 It is eminently readable， and offers brain candy of the first order。 Von Hippel cites his sources （including his own research） for the sundry opinions offered， without leaving one struggling with obscure charts or mathematical formulae。 He is an excellent writer with a friendly， familiar style that will make the information go down very easily。 I recommend checking out some of the videos linked in EXTRA STUFF， to get a feel for how he sounds as a lecturer and interviewee。 He comes across very much the same in the book。 Von Hippel is absolutely the prof you want for your psych classes。You will not have to get an ok from your group to go ahead and check this book out。 The Social Leap will expand your brain， without you having to wait a few hundred thousand years。 That counts as real progress。 Of all the preferences that evolution gave us， I suspect the desire to share the contents of our minds played the single most important role in elevating us to the top of the food chain。 Review posted – December 17， 2021Publication date – November 13， 2018 This review has been cross-posted on my site， Coot’s Reviews。 Stop by and say Hi！=============================EXTRA STUFFLinks to the author’s personal， FB， LinkedIn， and Twitter pagesVon Hippel was born， raised， and educated in the USA。 He taught at Ohio State and Williams College for over a decade。 He has been teaching and conducting research in evolutionary social psychology in Australia for more than twenty years， since 2006 as a professor at the University of Queensland。 He lives in Brisbane with his familyInterviews-----Vox - Why humans evolved into such good bullshitters By Sean Illing-----The Covid Tonic - Autism and Innovation - 2:03Most folks。 Because we are inherently social creatures， will seek social solutions to presenting problems。 But people who are much less socially adept， those on the autism spectrum， for example， will， as a group， turn more to technical solutions to problems。 -----Owltail - There are several audio interviews available here-----Vox - Why humans evolved into such good bullshitters - by Sean Illing-----London Real - What Women Look for in Men - 3:32-----London Real - WILLIAM VON HIPPEL-THE SOCIAL LEAP: Who We Are， Where We Come From， and What Makes Us Happy Part 1/2 - 45:37 – begin at 3:20Items of Interest from the author-----The Evolutionary Origins of Human Culture - Von Hippel offers a lecture on the origins of culture-----The Royal Institute of Australia - Seven Deadly Sins: Lust - Is Love Blind？ - Bill von Hippel - 26:38 - on how physical differences between males and females result in psychological differences as well， the impacts of testosterone， selecting long-term mates， and the significance of menopauseJust in case the ones linked here are not enough， there are many videos of the author being interviewed or delivering lectures。Item of Interest-----Five Early Hominids - Introduction to Hominids 。。。more
Joseph L。
，
Watch a detailed review along with my favorite ideas and takeaways at:https://youtu。be/V27DtSbszoc Watch a detailed review along with my favorite ideas and takeaways at:https://youtu。be/V27DtSbszoc 。。。more
Persian Phoenix
，
This is my first book on this subject， so I need to read some other books to have a better understanding for reviewing this one in the future。 The author's main theme is that our daily habits are driven by factors that have their origin in our restraining or controlling evolutionary path from tropical forest to savanna。 This is the basis for why we behave the way we do today。The first example is our sweet tooth and craving for candy， which has its origin in the scarcity of fruit during the our g This is my first book on this subject， so I need to read some other books to have a better understanding for reviewing this one in the future。 The author's main theme is that our daily habits are driven by factors that have their origin in our restraining or controlling evolutionary path from tropical forest to savanna。 This is the basis for why we behave the way we do today。The first example is our sweet tooth and craving for candy， which has its origin in the scarcity of fruit during the our gathering expreince in the Paleolithic period。 The other example is our fear of the dark。 It originates from our evolutionary psychology， because those who wandered in the forest in the moonlight could not survive and pass on their genes to their successors。 Another one is our interest in a TV program that has its roots in the storytelling of our ancestors around the fire that was necessary for social bonding and community cohesion in our early stage of cultural evolution。In summary， our social leap through the journey from Australopithecines to Homo erectus and finaly to Homo sapiens is initiated by the following phases:1。 independence from trees and leaving arboreal life2。 bipedalism - beginning our cognitive evolution by learning to throw stones 3。 cooperation: joining together as a team for encountering predators 4。 competition with the other males in our group in finding 5。 loathing and fearing of the outsider6。 lying and exaggerating 。。。more
Malihe63
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کتاب خوبی بود و البته فضای کتاب خیلی شبیه به انسان خردمند بود
Rajarajan RJ
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Interesting read and must read if you are fan of books on evolution！
Luke
，
This book came out two years before Humankind did。 Just credit where credit is due。
Ahmadreza
，
خیلی کتاب خوبی بود。 چیزی که از این کتاب فهمیدم این بود که علیرغم مسیر های پیچیده شکل گرفته در مغز ما طی تکامل٫ با درک و فهم بهتر این مسیر ها میشه که زندگی بهتری داشت و دلیل خیلی از رفتار ها رو دونست و غصه بیخود نخورد هرچند کار سختیه。و بخش آخر کتاب درباره شادکامی بسی الهام بخش بود。
Rakendu10
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A Good ethology book to follow up after selfish gene
Mohammad
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تصور می‌کنم اگر کسی از کتاب انسان خردمند یووال نوح هراری خوشش آمده باشد از کتاب جهش اجتماعی هم لذت خواهد برد。 این کتاب بر پایه جدیدترین یافته های نظریه تکامل و با روایتی جذاب تالیف شده است。 حرف کتاب فقط این نیست که ما چطور از گونه ای شامپانزه‌مانند به انسان امروزی تکامل پیدا کرده‌ایم بلکه چرایی شکل گیری برخی ویژگی های مهم روانی ما و منشا تکاملی‌شان بررسی می‌شود。 چرا انسان طوری تکامل پیدا کرده که موجودی خودفریب و دورو باشد؟ چرا نمی‌توانیم همیشه شادکام باشیم؟ و یا چرا از موفقیت دیگران احساس حسادت تصور می‌کنم اگر کسی از کتاب انسان خردمند یووال نوح هراری خوشش آمده باشد از کتاب جهش اجتماعی هم لذت خواهد برد。 این کتاب بر پایه جدیدترین یافته های نظریه تکامل و با روایتی جذاب تالیف شده است。 حرف کتاب فقط این نیست که ما چطور از گونه ای شامپانزه‌مانند به انسان امروزی تکامل پیدا کرده‌ایم بلکه چرایی شکل گیری برخی ویژگی های مهم روانی ما و منشا تکاملی‌شان بررسی می‌شود。 چرا انسان طوری تکامل پیدا کرده که موجودی خودفریب و دورو باشد؟ چرا نمی‌توانیم همیشه شادکام باشیم؟ و یا چرا از موفقیت دیگران احساس حسادت می‌کنیم؟ تنها تعداد معدودی از سوالاتی است که نویسنده بر اساس نظریه تکامل در این کتاب پاسخ خواهد داد。 فون هیپل نشان می‌دهد: چون ویژگی‌های شکل گرفته در گذشته دورمان است که هنوز بر رفتار امروزمان تاثیر می‌گذارد، شناخت نظریه تکامل می‌تواند به ما در رسیدن به شادکامی یاری‌رسان باشد، حتی اگر تکامل خود مانع از دستیابی به شادکامی ماندگار باشد。 。。。more
Hamed
，
بنظرم کتاب بسیار خوبی هست در زمینه روانشناسی تکاملی。و نویسنده با بیان ساده و روان و همینطور آوردن تحقیقات و پژوهش هایی که در این زمینه ها انجام شده کتاب بسیا خواندنی رو ارائه کرده
Derek Henderson
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Interesting bits and pieces， some more fanciful than others。 Relaxed style and easy to read。
Somit
，
The Social Leap by #WilliamVonHippel is compilation of known facts and some underlined personality traits of today’s men and women。 There are few parts of the book which are interesting and rings true in hindsight:1。 First social innovation- About 6 million years ago， when our ancestors migrated from the dense rainforest to the open savannah in East Africa。 It helped us move from individualistic ways to more cooperative ways to survive。 Things like delegation of tasks based on talent and physica The Social Leap by #WilliamVonHippel is compilation of known facts and some underlined personality traits of today’s men and women。 There are few parts of the book which are interesting and rings true in hindsight:1。 First social innovation- About 6 million years ago， when our ancestors migrated from the dense rainforest to the open savannah in East Africa。 It helped us move from individualistic ways to more cooperative ways to survive。 Things like delegation of tasks based on talent and physical strengths are the first few examples of working together。Impact of social innovation:A） It explains why inherently we are social animals and our status depends on what a social group thinks of us。 The need is embedded in us and is REAL。 E。g。 Facebook - Biggest social innovation of the modern era is a testament to that。B） Our Intelligence quotient without social intelligence marks the difference of the kind of live we will lead。 E。g。 People with high IQ， might go on making money and bring about significant inventions， but their lives are not necessarily whole because of a low EQ。 2） Positive thoughts + vaccination maybe better than just vaccination？According to the book， being exposed to happy thoughts leads to better movement/ release or CD4（ type of white blood cells） cells， which leads to better immunity。 While there are conflicted articles in terms of proof， the importance of being exposed to happy thoughts for a healthy body and mind has gained importance during the pandemic。 So， while vaccination is important， you mind being exposed to happy thoughts is inoculation of your mind against the negativity that has enveloped us。#evolution #happiness #homoerectus #homosapiens #socialinnovation #socialintelligence #iq #positivevibes #vaccination #bookstagram #bookreview 。。。more
Hamide meraj
，
در بیشتر رهبران جوامع بشری آمیزه ای از گرایش خدمت به جمع و گرایش به خودخواهی دیده می شود。 اما افراد از لحاظ جایگاهشان روی این طیف تفاوت های چشمگیری دارند。 بعضی مانند ماندلا بیشتر در خدمت گروه اند و بعضی دیگر مانند موگابه بیشتر خودخواه اند。 رهبر فیل مانند در تهدیدها علیه رهبری اش بسیار حساس است。 و بسته به تهدیدهای بیرونی و درونی میان گرایش به خود و گرایش به گروه تغییر حالت می دهد。 بارزترین نمونه این تغییر حالت بسته به موقعیت در میان رهبران بشر را میتوان در کار جان منر و همکارانش در دانشگاه ایالتی در بیشتر رهبران جوامع بشری آمیزه ای از گرایش خدمت به جمع و گرایش به خودخواهی دیده می شود。 اما افراد از لحاظ جایگاهشان روی این طیف تفاوت های چشمگیری دارند。 بعضی مانند ماندلا بیشتر در خدمت گروه اند و بعضی دیگر مانند موگابه بیشتر خودخواه اند。 رهبر فیل مانند در تهدیدها علیه رهبری اش بسیار حساس است。 و بسته به تهدیدهای بیرونی و درونی میان گرایش به خود و گرایش به گروه تغییر حالت می دهد。 بارزترین نمونه این تغییر حالت بسته به موقعیت در میان رهبران بشر را میتوان در کار جان منر و همکارانش در دانشگاه ایالتی فلوریدا دید。 منر در مجموعه ای از ازمایش ها نشان داد که وقتی رهبرهای بابون مانند （یعنی رهبرانی که گرایش شدیدی به سلطه دارند ） احساس کنند مقام رهبری شان از سوی زیر دست ها تهدید می شودگردش اطلاعات میان اعضای گروه را محدود میکنند。 و اعضای با استعداد را از گروه کنار میگذارند。 هر چند این کار به بهای ضعف عملکرد گروه تمام شود。 منر همچنین دریافت رهبران بابون مانند هنگامی که احساس کنند مقام رهبری شان از سوی اعضای با استعداد گروه تهدید می شود به راهبرد قدیمی و کارای تفرقه بینداز و حکومت کن نیز اتکا میکنند。 این گونه رهبران میکوشند از برقراری پیوند اتحاد میان سایر اعضای گروه جلوگیری کنند。 فقط به عنوان یک نمونه اسلام کریموف در نظر بگیرید دیکتاتور ازبکستان تا زمان مرگش در سال 2016 وقتی سیاست های فاجعه بار اقتصادی اش وضعی به وجود اورد که کشاورزها نتوانستند هزینه های ماشین پنبه چینی را تامین کنند او خیلی راحت دستور داد در ماه های سپتامبر و اکتبر دانش اموزان با دست پنبه بچینند。 بچه ها طبق قانون ملزم بودند بسته به سنشان روزانه 20 تا 60 کیلو پنبه برداشت کنند。 و روزانه تقریبا سه سنت دستمزد میگرفتند。 باید غذای شان خودشان می اوردند و اگر ساکن همان حوالی نبودند خودشان جای خواب پیدا میکردند 。 کریموف با چنین رهبری بابون مانندی میلیاردر شد。 در حالی که مردم ازبکستان به طور میانگین باید با سالی 1000 دلار سر میکردند。 رابرت موگابه اهل زیمباوه همسایه افریقای جنوبی درست در نقطه مقابل ماندلا قرار میگیرد。 موگابه هم به خاطر دست داشتن در اقدام برای سرنگونی دولت اپارتاید به زندان افتاد。 موگابه هم مانند ماندلا وقتی به تازگی به مقام نخست وزیری رسید خدمات اجتماعی را توسعه داد。 و همه را به آشتی نژادی فراخواند。 اما شباهت این دو همین جا تمام می شود。 موگابه در مواجه با رقبای داخلی به جای اینکه همانند ماندلا به دنبال سازش و اشتی باشد به خشونت متوسل شد。 تا پایه های قدرتش را تحکیم و دوره زمام داری خود را طولانی تر کند。 او به جای کناره گیری پس از دوره اول مسئولیت انواع و اقسام متمم ها را به قانون اساسی افزود。 تا خاتیاراتش را افزایش دهد。 و بتواند به کرات در انتخابات های دست کاری شده شرکت کند。 سیاست های او کشورش را ویران کرد。 و حاصلش ابر تورم و بیکاری و بیماری های گسترده و کمبود غذا بود。 。。。more
Fereydoon
，
شروع کتاب به مانند کتاب انسان خردمند هراری هست و به نحوه تکامل ما از اجداد قبلی به انسان خردمند پرداخته میشه بعد از آشنایی با نحوه تکامل به این پرداخته میشه که ویژگی های روانی کنونی ما چطور با نحوه تکامل ما ارتباط داره و در فصول آخر در مورد چگونگی آینده بهتر با توجه به این ویژگی ها بحث میکنه کتاب میتونس یه کتاب عالی باشه اگه فقط همبستگی و نظم مطالب بیشتر بود واقعا بزرگترین ضعف این کتاب پراکندگی مطالب و میتونس خیلی منظم تر و شیک تر ارایه بشه در کل به کتاب میخواسم ۳ ستاره بدم ولی چون به کتاب های ض شروع کتاب به مانند کتاب انسان خردمند هراری هست و به نحوه تکامل ما از اجداد قبلی به انسان خردمند پرداخته میشه بعد از آشنایی با نحوه تکامل به این پرداخته میشه که ویژگی های روانی کنونی ما چطور با نحوه تکامل ما ارتباط داره و در فصول آخر در مورد چگونگی آینده بهتر با توجه به این ویژگی ها بحث میکنه کتاب میتونس یه کتاب عالی باشه اگه فقط همبستگی و نظم مطالب بیشتر بود واقعا بزرگترین ضعف این کتاب پراکندگی مطالب و میتونس خیلی منظم تر و شیک تر ارایه بشه در کل به کتاب میخواسم ۳ ستاره بدم ولی چون به کتاب های ضعیف تر داده بودم ۴ ستاره دادم ولی در حد چهار ستاره هم نبود ولی خوندنش پیشنهاد میشه بخصوص اگه به تکامل علاقمند هستید 。。。more
Siavash haji saghati
，
چقدر این کتاب غنی بود و چقدر رفرنس های درست و تخصصی داشت。 از بهترین های نشر نو که در سریِ دانش عمومی ترجمه کرده است。
Saba
，
کتاب بسیار زیبایی بود چه از دید روانشناسی تکاملی و چه از دید ژنتیک تکاملی
Saeid soheili
，
کتاب ترجمه‌ی روانی داره و تا حدودای صفحه‌ی ۱۴۰ از بحث‌های تکاملی لذت بردم。 متاسفانه نویسنده هرچی رفت جلوتر محتوای کتاب و تحلیل‌ها سطحی‌تر و سطحی‌تر شدند。
Scott
，
3。6
Riversue
，
A great light but entertaining coverage of evolutionary psychology。
Tomas
，