Otherlands: Journeys in Earth's Extinct Ecosystems

Otherlands: Journeys in Earth's Extinct Ecosystems

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  • Create Date:2022-02-22 06:51:44
  • Update Date:2025-09-06
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  • Author:Thomas Halliday
  • ISBN:0593132882
  • Environment:PC/Android/iPhone/iPad/Kindle

Summary

A stirring, eye-opening journey into deep time, from the Ice Age to the first appearance of microbial life 550 million years ago, by a brilliant young paleobiologist

The past is past, but it does leave clues, and Thomas Halliday has used cutting-edge science to decipher them more completely than ever before。 In Otherlands, Halliday makes sixteen fossil sites burst to life on the page。

This book is an exploration of the Earth as it used to exist, the changes that have occurred during its history, and the ways that life has found to adapt―or not。 It takes us from the savannahs of Pliocene Kenya to watch a python chase a group of australopithecines into an acacia tree; to a cliff overlooking the salt pans of the empty basin of what will be the Mediterranean Sea just as water from the Miocene Atlantic Ocean spills in; into the tropical forests of Eocene Antarctica; and under the shallow pools of Ediacaran Australia, where we glimpse the first microbial life。

Otherlands also offers us a vast perspective on the current state of the planet。 The thought that something as vast as the Great Barrier Reef, for example, with all its vibrant diversity, might one day soon be gone sounds improbable。 But the fossil record shows us that this sort of wholesale change is not only possible but has repeatedly happened throughout Earth history。

Even as he operates on this broad canvas, Halliday brings us up close to the intricate relationships that defined these lost worlds。 In novelistic prose that belies the breadth of his research, he illustrates how ecosystems are formed; how species die out and are replaced; and how species migrate, adapt, and collaborate。 It is a breathtaking achievement: a surprisingly emotional narrative about the persistence of life, the fragility of seemingly permanent ecosystems, and the scope of deep time, all of which have something to tell us about our current crisis。

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Reviews

Angela

I found this a fascinating read, one that I can see myself dipping into many times over rather than reading the entire content in one long session。 Written in layman terms which makes it more easily understandable it is an exploration of the fauna and flora of our pre-history。 Thanks to Netgalley and the publisher for providing a free advance review copy。

Pickle。

4。5*Quick review:Im not overly knowledgeable about ancient history so have scant frame for comparison,* but I thoroughly enjoyed this one。The geology I found fascinating; for example there are places under the ocean where the crust is only 5km thick, heftier under mountain ranges which in turn effects gravity, that melting icebergs have lesser effect on sea rise because of the flexibility of the crust, That the UK is rising in the North up to a centimetre a year while the South is sinking (isost 4。5*Quick review:Im not overly knowledgeable about ancient history so have scant frame for comparison,* but I thoroughly enjoyed this one。The geology I found fascinating; for example there are places under the ocean where the crust is only 5km thick, heftier under mountain ranges which in turn effects gravity, that melting icebergs have lesser effect on sea rise because of the flexibility of the crust, That the UK is rising in the North up to a centimetre a year while the South is sinking (isostatic rebound)。 I suggest having a geological time period reference handy (although the chapters are fully titled in my audiobook)。 Google was helpful when I needed to ‘see’ the various, often seemingly impossible alien-like insects, land and sea flora and fauna (I don’t know if the physical copy is illustrated)。 Halliday (luckily) is able to evoke beautifully landscape scenery and the inhabitants distinctive behaviours making it easy to visualise, giving the impression of watching BBC documentary。 This serves to lessen how daunting the vast amount of information is and smooths a swift retreat through time。 I’ll be revisiting certain memorable time periods, particularly the respective times of Orthocones and Trilobites (the Dudley Bug!)。* Apart from outdated illustrated books- John Man’s ‘day of the dinosaur’, World of the unknown。 **A few progress notes below。 。。。more

Jonathan

Brilliant book。 I think this book should be read as a reminder that we are only the custodian of the Earth it will continue long after we have gone, even if we do not survive global warming the Earth will it has done before and well again! Very interesting read on the various ages of the Earth moving back in time as it does!Thoroughly enjoyable read。

Cath Higgins

Dazzling, evocative and thought provoking。 Finally a book that got my head around what evolved when, and how, and what led to their sad demise。 So immersive, and by travelling back in time, all the weirdness feels almost normal by the time you reach it, this is a fascinating unraveling of all that has gone before, and a warning of what’s likely around the corner if humans don’t get our act together。 One of the best reads for getting some perspective of our utter insignificance in the history of Dazzling, evocative and thought provoking。 Finally a book that got my head around what evolved when, and how, and what led to their sad demise。 So immersive, and by travelling back in time, all the weirdness feels almost normal by the time you reach it, this is a fascinating unraveling of all that has gone before, and a warning of what’s likely around the corner if humans don’t get our act together。 One of the best reads for getting some perspective of our utter insignificance in the history of this enigmatic planet。 。。。more

Verity Halliday

Otherlands is an absolutely fascinating book taking us back through deep time, past mass extinction events to dinosaurs to trilobites to extremophile bacteria。 The reader is given a vivid picture of our world in different eras, teeming with life and variety, experiencing wildly different climates and conditions。I found it very comforting to think that even if humans make ourselves extinct through climate change, life will likely continue onwards in a different form, adapted to the different cond Otherlands is an absolutely fascinating book taking us back through deep time, past mass extinction events to dinosaurs to trilobites to extremophile bacteria。 The reader is given a vivid picture of our world in different eras, teeming with life and variety, experiencing wildly different climates and conditions。I found it very comforting to think that even if humans make ourselves extinct through climate change, life will likely continue onwards in a different form, adapted to the different conditions。 A highly recommended read。Thanks to the author, publisher and NetGalley for providing a review copy in exchange for honest feedback。 。。。more

Tessa

I really enjoyed this book it was written in such a way that anyone with an interest in the deep past could understand it my only complaint is I wish the author had started at the beginning of time and moved forward rather than starting 20,000 years ago and moving backward otherwise it was a fascinating read

Rosie reads books

A riveting journey through deep time by an extraordinarily gifted young paleontologist。 I'm so excited for future publications and to further explore research by this author。I really wish paleobiology and paleontology books were more widely read。 It's mind altering and life enriching stuff。 A riveting journey through deep time by an extraordinarily gifted young paleontologist。 I'm so excited for future publications and to further explore research by this author。I really wish paleobiology and paleontology books were more widely read。 It's mind altering and life enriching stuff。 。。。more

Nic

I was offered this book as an ARC through NetGalley and was immediately gripped。 Otherlands is reminiscent of Jean M。 Auel's 'Clan of the Cave Bear' in that it transports you back to earlier eras of our own planet。 This book is a fascinating insight into the natural history of our planet at times when it would have been unrecognisable to us。 This is far more technical than Auel's fantasy series and transports the reader much further back。 Be prepared for the fact that this book works backwards i I was offered this book as an ARC through NetGalley and was immediately gripped。 Otherlands is reminiscent of Jean M。 Auel's 'Clan of the Cave Bear' in that it transports you back to earlier eras of our own planet。 This book is a fascinating insight into the natural history of our planet at times when it would have been unrecognisable to us。 This is far more technical than Auel's fantasy series and transports the reader much further back。 Be prepared for the fact that this book works backwards in time so the surroundings move from the more to less familiar。 I would have devoured the book much quicker but couldn't help looking non-illustrated creatures up。I would say that the best chapter was in fact the Epilogue which put the relevance of this scientific research in a modern perspective。 I found it to be unbiased and well reasoned。 There are also extensive notes for those who want to read in more depth research。 。。。more

Vivienne

“After travelling so far back in time, it is only by turning and looking back down the road to the present that we begin to classify those that exist in the deep past。” My thanks to Penguin Press U。K。 Allen Lane for an eARC via NetGalley of ‘Otherlands: A World in the Making’ by Thomas Halliday in exchange for an honest review。 Award winning palaeobiologist Thomas Halliday takes his readers on an epic journey through half a billion years of time and across all seven continents to encounter the E “After travelling so far back in time, it is only by turning and looking back down the road to the present that we begin to classify those that exist in the deep past。” My thanks to Penguin Press U。K。 Allen Lane for an eARC via NetGalley of ‘Otherlands: A World in the Making’ by Thomas Halliday in exchange for an honest review。 Award winning palaeobiologist Thomas Halliday takes his readers on an epic journey through half a billion years of time and across all seven continents to encounter the Earth as it used to be。 He writes in the Introduction: “This book is an exploration of the Earth as it used to exist, the changes that have occurred during its history, and the ways that life has found to adapt, or not。 In each chapter, guided by the fossil record, we will visit a site from the geological past to observe the plants and animals, immerse ourselves in the landscape, and learn what we can about our own world from these extinct ecosystems。”This could have been quite a dry tome but Halliday writes in an accessible and immersive style that vividly recreates these ancient landscapes。 He draws on poetry and folklore and while there are scientific names and copious notes, I felt that the text flowed well and it was easy to recreate in the mind’s eye landscapes and flora and fauna of these epochs There are maps, illustrations of various plants and creatures, notes and an index。Overall, a fascinating work of scientific nonfiction。 。。。more

Kitty McIntosh

‘Otherlands’ by Thomas Halliday is the story of our planet。 Halliday is a paleobiologist who explains the history of our world in a way that has opened my eyes。 He goes back in time, showing how Earth has changed and developed over millions of years。 Using ecosystems and creatures we may or may not be familiar with, he makes us realise that we are but a tiny part of it all。 Halliday writes in a very accessible style。 It is not just dry facts, but imaginative and truly fascinating。 I learned so m ‘Otherlands’ by Thomas Halliday is the story of our planet。 Halliday is a paleobiologist who explains the history of our world in a way that has opened my eyes。 He goes back in time, showing how Earth has changed and developed over millions of years。 Using ecosystems and creatures we may or may not be familiar with, he makes us realise that we are but a tiny part of it all。 Halliday writes in a very accessible style。 It is not just dry facts, but imaginative and truly fascinating。 I learned so much and thoroughly enjoyed it。 I was given this Arc for review。 。。。more

Letitia Mason

An entrancing and interesting read。 The scope of this book is breathtaking, from the arrival humanoid species on the planet, all the way back through the fossil record to the dawn of time。 It revived my interest in Geology and made links between rocks, flora and fauna that I had never made before。 The writing is beautiful。 At first I thought it fanciful but then realised each chapter is based on detailed surveys of findings in the field, meticulously recorded。 Reading this book has enhanced my u An entrancing and interesting read。 The scope of this book is breathtaking, from the arrival humanoid species on the planet, all the way back through the fossil record to the dawn of time。 It revived my interest in Geology and made links between rocks, flora and fauna that I had never made before。 The writing is beautiful。 At first I thought it fanciful but then realised each chapter is based on detailed surveys of findings in the field, meticulously recorded。 Reading this book has enhanced my understanding of many aspects of the physical landscape, for example, why it is important to study plant and animal evolution and ecology, and how it can help us to look after our current landscapes。 。。。more

Irene

You know that scene in BBC's Sherlock where he's telling Watson how he deduced that a man was an alcoholic because his phone was scratched around the charging port? Maybe it's just me, but every night, as I struggle to plug in my phone in the dark, I have to stop myself from thinking "Sherlock would think I'm an alcoholic"。 This book is not quite as dramatic in that respect, but while it does include caveats and clarifications when something may or may not be accurate, it's still, for the most p You know that scene in BBC's Sherlock where he's telling Watson how he deduced that a man was an alcoholic because his phone was scratched around the charging port? Maybe it's just me, but every night, as I struggle to plug in my phone in the dark, I have to stop myself from thinking "Sherlock would think I'm an alcoholic"。 This book is not quite as dramatic in that respect, but while it does include caveats and clarifications when something may or may not be accurate, it's still, for the most part, wild speculation presented as fact。 In an intricate, beautiful and immersive way! I felt truly transported to the pre-Cambrian period, not gonna lie。 However, the fossil record and the geological facts are what they are, and there are a ton of ways to interpret them。 This is just one of them。 Maybe that specific Cambrian organism behaved like that for the reasons Halliday gives you, maybe you're an alcoholic, or maybe there's a completely different way of putting the facts together that also makes sense but we just don't have enough information to be sure。 All in all, a wonderfully enjoyable and informative book, to be taken with a grain of salt。 。。。more

Allie Byott

An interesting read about the world over the many millions of years earth has existed。 It took me a while to read but it was very interesting and well worth the read。 I would recommend this book to anyone who is interested in the history of our planet and what existed long before our time。 I can see a lot of research went into this book。 Thank you to Netgalley and the publisher for the opportunity to read this book in exchange for my honest views。

Laura Jones

This is a natural history book with a twist - it is about the flora, fauna and landscapes of the Earth as they were millions of years ago。 It begins in Alaska, 20,000 years ago, then each chapter goes further back in time until chapter 16, when we find ourselves in Australia, 550 million years ago; a time before Orion and Polaris, a time when the land was barren of life, yet a time when the sea became oxygenated and multicellular life began to form。A truly fascinating book, it is written in the This is a natural history book with a twist - it is about the flora, fauna and landscapes of the Earth as they were millions of years ago。 It begins in Alaska, 20,000 years ago, then each chapter goes further back in time until chapter 16, when we find ourselves in Australia, 550 million years ago; a time before Orion and Polaris, a time when the land was barren of life, yet a time when the sea became oxygenated and multicellular life began to form。A truly fascinating book, it is written in the present tense to give events more immediacy, with references to evidence found in the fossil record scattered casually throughout。 It does not read like an academic text; in fact, the language is very easy to understand and is perfect for anyone who does not have any previous knowledge of paleobiology。 Even for people well-versed in the topic, I suspect there is something new to be learned from this deeply researched book。Landscapes and life are vividly described, enabling the reader to picture the world as it was so long ago。 Even though each chapter is accompanied by one map and one beautifully rendered illustration, I personally would have liked many more illustrations, to complement the descriptions given in the book。Although this book is an accessible, entertaining read, it is incredibly rich with detail meaning it is not a book to try and read in one sitting。 But if you love reading natural history books and fancy something a little different, I heartily recommend this unique look at how life was once on Earth。With thanks to Netgalley and Penguin Press UK for an advance copy of this book。 All opinions in this review are my own。 。。。more

Gayle Noble

Otherlands takes the reader on a journey back through time 500 million years to the Cambrian age, calling in at different places/times along the way。 500 million years is a staggering amount of time to think about, & yet the earth goes back even further to 4。5 billion (4500 million!) years ago。 It's something that is mind-blowing to even try to comprehend the sheer scale of that time。 It hammered home the fleeting impermanence of life & even considered what history could tell us about the climat Otherlands takes the reader on a journey back through time 500 million years to the Cambrian age, calling in at different places/times along the way。 500 million years is a staggering amount of time to think about, & yet the earth goes back even further to 4。5 billion (4500 million!) years ago。 It's something that is mind-blowing to even try to comprehend the sheer scale of that time。 It hammered home the fleeting impermanence of life & even considered what history could tell us about the climate change issues facing us today。The amount of detail in describing the ecosystems is amazing, it really brings the text to life。 The reader feels as if they have been whisked away in a time machine & deposited in the different time periods, I swear I could hear the chirping of the insects, the splash of the huge marine creatures, feel the heat & the extreme cold weather, & see the shadow of a pterodactyl as it flew overhead。 It could get very academic in parts, & I was glad I read it on an e-reader as it was very handy to be able to instantly look up the many terms that I was unfamiliar with。 It was also an interesting choice to work backwards, rather than start in the Cambrian & work forwards in time - I'm not sure if it would have worked better that way or not。 Anyway, it was a fascinating read & one that I thoroughly enjoyed。 My thanks to NetGalley & publishers, Allen Lane / Penguin Press UK, for the opportunity to read an ARC。 。。。more

Fran

This is a truly wonderful book。 The author brings vividly to life the landscape and inhabitants, with a lyrical style that makes one forget the scholarship needed to give the detailed accuracy involved。 Each different landscape and era is carefully chosen and conjured up。 The illustrations are also wonderful。 Even if this is not normally something you would be interested in, give it a look, and prepare to be surprised, as you are drawn into a day to day life both familiar and utterly strange。 It This is a truly wonderful book。 The author brings vividly to life the landscape and inhabitants, with a lyrical style that makes one forget the scholarship needed to give the detailed accuracy involved。 Each different landscape and era is carefully chosen and conjured up。 The illustrations are also wonderful。 Even if this is not normally something you would be interested in, give it a look, and prepare to be surprised, as you are drawn into a day to day life both familiar and utterly strange。 It’s a book to linger over, and enjoy。 And to give as a gift to others for the same reason。 。。。more

Aileen (Ailz) Grist

Fascinating read, written by a paleobiologist。 An exploration of the fauna and flora of our pre-history。 He uses 16 sites around the world as a handle to what happened in epochs from 20,000 years ago to over 500 milllion years ago。 Well written in none academic language - easy enough for someone who knows next to nothing (like me) of the times。Interesting read。 I found it more for dipping in than trying to read it cover to cover。 I soon got bogged down if I tried to read too much at once。Thanks Fascinating read, written by a paleobiologist。 An exploration of the fauna and flora of our pre-history。 He uses 16 sites around the world as a handle to what happened in epochs from 20,000 years ago to over 500 milllion years ago。 Well written in none academic language - easy enough for someone who knows next to nothing (like me) of the times。Interesting read。 I found it more for dipping in than trying to read it cover to cover。 I soon got bogged down if I tried to read too much at once。Thanks to Netgalley and the publisher I read a free advance review copy of the book。 This review is voluntary, honest and my own opinion。 。。。more

Amanda

Otherlands presents our current understanding of Earth’s pre-history, taking sixteen fossil sites as a starting point。It covers the evolution of life, a range of ecosystems, extinction events, climate change, and ends with a conjecture of what the future holds for our planet。 Palaeobiologist Halliday is skilled at delivering what can be complex information in an engaging and accessible way。 Using the present tense and factional writing techniques, he places the reader in time and place。 With tha Otherlands presents our current understanding of Earth’s pre-history, taking sixteen fossil sites as a starting point。It covers the evolution of life, a range of ecosystems, extinction events, climate change, and ends with a conjecture of what the future holds for our planet。 Palaeobiologist Halliday is skilled at delivering what can be complex information in an engaging and accessible way。 Using the present tense and factional writing techniques, he places the reader in time and place。 With thanks to NetGallery and Penguin Press UK for the ARC。Fascinating。 。。。more

Andrea Wenger

Traveling backward in time, this book creates glimpses into worlds that existed thousands or millions of years ago。 It shows us moments when dramatic change was underway—all these transition helping to create the Earth we live in today。 The order in which the story is told makes it more poignant。 Instead of a triumphant march from a barren planet to the rise of humans, it creates more of a sense of how magnificent each of these worlds was in their own right。 Humans were not the end game。 And yet Traveling backward in time, this book creates glimpses into worlds that existed thousands or millions of years ago。 It shows us moments when dramatic change was underway—all these transition helping to create the Earth we live in today。 The order in which the story is told makes it more poignant。 Instead of a triumphant march from a barren planet to the rise of humans, it creates more of a sense of how magnificent each of these worlds was in their own right。 Humans were not the end game。 And yet, as the epilogue points out, we've reshaped the Earth to meet our needs。 Humans are so good at exploiting resources, we've left little behind for other species。 That's not something to be ashamed of—that's evolution。 But if we don't become better skilled at taking care of our fragile ecosystem, we could soon reshape the Earth in ways that don't serve us。 That's the ultimate message of this book。 It's a warning but also an expression of hope。 Thanks, NetGalley, for the ARC I received。 This is my honest and voluntary review。 。。。more

Annarella

This is one of the most fascinating and well written book about the story of flora and fauna through the ages I've ever read。I found it riveting and gripping, informative and well researched。 It's full of descriptions that made me feel like I was watching a movie, and food for thought as there's references to our current climate crisis。It was like travelling in time and seeing how the planet and its inhabitants evolved。I loved it and it's strongly recommended。Many thanks to the publisher and Net This is one of the most fascinating and well written book about the story of flora and fauna through the ages I've ever read。I found it riveting and gripping, informative and well researched。 It's full of descriptions that made me feel like I was watching a movie, and food for thought as there's references to our current climate crisis。It was like travelling in time and seeing how the planet and its inhabitants evolved。I loved it and it's strongly recommended。Many thanks to the publisher and Netgalley for this ARC, all opinions are mine 。。。more

Jenny H

A book to delve into。 A fascinating account of the geological history of the world, ending with a look forward to how things might be in the future。 The descriptions are so vivid you feel you are walking on ancient glaciers or high mountains watching the ocean below。 A masterpiece。

Ula Tardigrade

What a strange, beautiful book! I like to read about ancient, extinct worlds but this one truly stands out。The author, a paleontologist himself, combines scientific knowledge - not only paleontology but also geology, climatology, evolutionary biology, and genetics, to name a few - with exquisite literary or even poetic style。 The result is eye opening and engaging。 Focusing not on single extinct species at any time but on the whole ecosystem, Tomas Hallidays offers you a glimpse into the eponymo What a strange, beautiful book! I like to read about ancient, extinct worlds but this one truly stands out。The author, a paleontologist himself, combines scientific knowledge - not only paleontology but also geology, climatology, evolutionary biology, and genetics, to name a few - with exquisite literary or even poetic style。 The result is eye opening and engaging。 Focusing not on single extinct species at any time but on the whole ecosystem, Tomas Hallidays offers you a glimpse into the eponymous “Otherlands”。 He also gives you a sobering perspective on our - humanity’s - problems。 Climate change? There were times when lush forests lived through polar nights in the Antarctic。 Mass extinction? After all, it is the sixth in a row, at least。 Invasive species? Nature changes all the time and there is no such thing as permanent native ones。Strongly recommended to fans of Richard Fortey or Steve Brusatte but I think every fan of modern, poetic nature writing will love this book。Thanks to the publisher, Random House, and NetGalley for an advanced copy of this book。 。。。more

Karen Bell

Thought this book would be a bit dry and academic but was very surprised。 Think it will take me a long time to read this book as it is quite academic in the respect it is a big educational read but it is so engaging。 It reads like an engaging immersive novel。 You can almost imagine yourself there。 A big read but we'll worth it ! Thought this book would be a bit dry and academic but was very surprised。 Think it will take me a long time to read this book as it is quite academic in the respect it is a big educational read but it is so engaging。 It reads like an engaging immersive novel。 You can almost imagine yourself there。 A big read but we'll worth it ! 。。。more

Krista

Our planet’s past lies hidden under the dirt。 It wears the scars of its formation and change in its crust, and it, too, is a mortuary, memorializing its inhabitants in stone, fossils acting as grave marker, mask and body。 Those worlds, those otherlands, cannot be visited — at least, not in a physical sense。 You can never visit the environments through which titanic dinosaurs strode, never walk on their soil nor swim in their water。 The only way to experience them is rockwise, to read the impr Our planet’s past lies hidden under the dirt。 It wears the scars of its formation and change in its crust, and it, too, is a mortuary, memorializing its inhabitants in stone, fossils acting as grave marker, mask and body。 Those worlds, those otherlands, cannot be visited — at least, not in a physical sense。 You can never visit the environments through which titanic dinosaurs strode, never walk on their soil nor swim in their water。 The only way to experience them is rockwise, to read the imprints in the frozen sand and to imagine a disappeared Earth。 This book is an exploration of the Earth as it used to exist, the changes that have occurred during its history, and the ways that life has found to adapt, or not。 In Otherlands, paleobiologist Thomas Halliday skips backwards through time, visiting sixteen distinct eras from Earth’s history and describing the life, climate, and geological forces at work in each。 This is cutting edge science — many of the earliest species can only be inferred by the slightest of impressions they left behind; many more will never make themselves known to us — and Halliday’s prose in describing his rebuilt worlds is comprehensive, evocative, and accessible。 There’s always something humbling about confronting how unimportant our own species has been in the long history of the Earth, and as we are forced to acknowledge that we are driving the latest Great Extinction Event, I suppose there’s comfort in knowing that after we are gone, the Earth will diversify and other species will fill the Homo sapien niche。 A fascinating read that makes the science come alive。 (Note: I read an ARC through NetGalley and passages quoted may not be in their final forms。) To consider the landscapes that once existed is to feel the draw of a temporal wanderlust。 My hope is that you will read this in the vein of a naturalist’s travel book, albeit one of lands distant in time rather than space, and begin to see the last 500 million years not as an endless expanse of unfathomable time, but as a series of worlds, simultaneously fabulous yet familiar。 From the salt flats of a drained Mediterranean Sea to the lush forests of a tropical Antarctica, Halliday describes vanished worlds that are at once familiar and not。 I highlighted dozens of passages in Otherlands — interesting factoids and nice bits of writing — but with the ease of copy/pasting from a digital ARC, I acknowledge that that would be far too much to put in a review。 So, just to preserve some of my highlights, I’m putting a few behind spoiler tags: (view spoiler)[ • The loris has access to glands in its armpit which, when combined with saliva, can produce a venom capable of causing anaphylactic shock in humans。 In behaviour, colour and even bite, the primate has come to resemble the snake, a sheep in wolf’s clothing。 Today, the ranges of the loris and cobras do not overlap, but climate reconstructions reaching back tens of thousands of years suggest that once they would have been similar。 It is possible that the loris is an outdated imitation artist, stuck in an evolutionary rut, compelled by instinct to act out an impression of something neither it nor its audience has ever seen。• To grow new bones every year requires enormous amounts of calcium。 The demand is so intense that modern-day red deer on the Hebrides are known to wait outside shearwater burrows in spring, crunching down on the chicks as they emerge above ground for the first time and obtaining calcium from their bones, while white-tailed deer in North America are notorious nestling predators of a variety of small songbirds。 Antlers are expensive。• Every monkey in the Amazonian rainforest, from spider monkeys to howler monkeys, tamarins to marmosets, owes its existence to a few lucky survivors from their own presumably difficult and traumatic ocean voyage。 The distance to cross from Africa to South America at the time was considerably lower, about two thirds of the width of the modern Atlantic, but this is still a huge distance when relying on rain and pooled water in leaves for a supply of drinking water。 Even assuming continuous movement in exactly the right direction, the communities of rafting monkeys must have survived at sea for over six weeks。• The abundance of food at Seymour Island has proven too much of an attraction, and this sawfish has presumably followed the eastern coastal waters of South America to reach its destination。 The saw acts as both locator and capturer of food, with thousands of sensitive ampullae along its length detecting changes in electric fields。 Because vertebrates control muscle movement using flows of charged calcium ions, if a herring so much as twitches, the sawfish will know, swiping its saw through the water at high speed, hacking at the seabed with the edge, or pinning its prey down with the flat as it manoeuvres the fish towards its mouth。• At the moment the Chicxulub meteor struck, all primates, flying lemurs, tree shrews, rabbits and rodents had yet to diversify。 They were united within one, perhaps two or three species, common ancestors to all。 Our ancestors are here, and they contain within their genetic code the essence of what it means to be a primate。 The ancestors of some of the largest land mammals that will ever exist, the 17-ton rhinoceros cousin Paraceratherium, are here, and are the same individuals whose descendants will miniaturize and fly as the smallest, the bumblebee bat。 The range of anatomical forms will expand rapidly, exploring the different possibilities of being a mammal, before eventually specializing into the groups we know in the present。 It seems an almost biblical promise: your descendants will reach all corners of the Earth and beyond it。• The penchant for visual display, at least, will persist in dinosaurs until the modern day — no group of vertebrates has the variety, the detail and the vibrancy of colour and shape as birds。 Indeed, reptiles, from birds to lizards, have colours that humans cannot see, patterns that fluoresce under ultraviolet light。 Given that this seems to be an ancestral trait, it is possible that non-avian archosaur display, including pterosaurs and dinosaurs, extends beyond the human visual spectrum。• Each cell is semi-independent, and a single sponge blurs the line between individual and colony。 If you were to put one in a blender, it would re-aggregate — a different shape, but still a working organism, a functioning sponge。• The largest logjam in historical times lasted for nearly 1,000 years in the lands of the Caddoan Mississippian culture, now in Louisiana。 Known as the Great Raft, it at one time covered more than 150 miles of river, an ever-shifting carpet of trunks slowly decaying in the water, and was an important element of local folklore and agriculture, providing fertile floodwater and trapping silt for crops。 It would still be here today if it had not been blown up to allow boats through。 Once it was gone, the river flooded the land downstream, requiring further dams to be built, and changing the dynamics of water flow in the region。 (hide spoiler)] This is now undoubtedly a human planet。 It has not always been, and perhaps will not always be, but, for now, our species has an influence unlike almost any other biological force。 The world as it is today is a direct result — not a conclusion or a denouement, but a result — of what has gone before。 Much of life in the past happens in a steady state of slow-changing existence, but there are times when everything can become upended。 Unavoidable impacts from space, eruptions at a continental scale, global glaciation — the all-pervasive transitions that force life’s structures to remodel themselves。 Had any of those events happened in another way, or not happened at all, the then-unwritten future could have emerged very differently。 It is by looking at the past that palaeobiologists, ecologists and climate scientists can address the uncertainty about the near- and long-term future of our planet, casting backwards to predict possible futures。 Reading about species that dominated their world for millions of years before some natural cataclysm wiped them out can be pretty demoralising, from the point-of-view of a species that’s only been around for a few hundred thousand years and is just starting to get the hang of how to best use these big brains。 On the one hand, even if we pull together and concentrate on regenerating our environment, we’ve already wiped out the vast majority of large animals on the planet, climate change is threatening the rest (including us), and a supervolcano could blow up at literally any second; it’s easy to feel as helpless as a dinosaur in the path of the incoming Chicxulub meteor。 But on the other hand, we are the wise ape, a part of nature and not separate from it, and we can use these big brains to learn lessons from the past and approach the future with more self-awareness than any dinosaur ever had。 Halliday ends his trip through deep history on a hopeful note: change is inevitable, but our imminent extinction is not。 Well worth the read。 。。。more