The Brutish Museums: The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution
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- Author：Dan Hicks
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Summary
New York Times 'Best Art Books' 2020
'Essential' – Sunday Times
'Brilliantly enraged' - New York Review of Books
'A real game-changer'– Economist
Walk into any Western museum today and you will see the curated spoils of Empire。 They sit behind plate glass: dignified， tastefully lit。 Accompanying pieces of card offer a name， date and place of origin。 They do not mention that the objects are all stolen。
Few artefacts embody this history of rapacious and extractive colonialism better than the Benin Bronzes - a collection of thousands of metal plaques and sculptures depicting the history of the Royal Court of the Obas of Benin City， Nigeria。 Pillaged during a British naval attack in 1897， the loot was passed on to Queen Victoria， the British Museum and countless private collections。
The Brutish Museums sits at the heart of a heated debate about cultural restitution， repatriation and the decolonisation of museums。 Since its first publication， museums across the western world have begun to return their Bronzes to Nigeria， heralding a new era in the way we understand the objects of empire we once took for granted。
'Essential' – Sunday Times
'Brilliantly enraged' - New York Review of Books
'A real game-changer'– Economist
Walk into any Western museum today and you will see the curated spoils of Empire。 They sit behind plate glass: dignified， tastefully lit。 Accompanying pieces of card offer a name， date and place of origin。 They do not mention that the objects are all stolen。
Few artefacts embody this history of rapacious and extractive colonialism better than the Benin Bronzes - a collection of thousands of metal plaques and sculptures depicting the history of the Royal Court of the Obas of Benin City， Nigeria。 Pillaged during a British naval attack in 1897， the loot was passed on to Queen Victoria， the British Museum and countless private collections。
The Brutish Museums sits at the heart of a heated debate about cultural restitution， repatriation and the decolonisation of museums。 Since its first publication， museums across the western world have begun to return their Bronzes to Nigeria， heralding a new era in the way we understand the objects of empire we once took for granted。
Reviews
siya
，
This was the book form of having a teacher who knows all the subject material and sucks at conveying it。 Really well researched and all but convoluted。
Aymara
，
3，5 tbh
Trevor Owens
，
A timely， powerful， and compelling call to action。 Hicks makes a compelling case for how the continued display of looted works like the Benin bronzes functions as ongoing display of trophies and iconoclasm of colonial violence。 Through a detailed exploration of the history of the Benin bronzes， Hick’s offers a vision for a shift for museums to proactively document and share data on the provenance of their collections and become more open to calls for return of looted objects。 I highly recommend A timely， powerful， and compelling call to action。 Hicks makes a compelling case for how the continued display of looted works like the Benin bronzes functions as ongoing display of trophies and iconoclasm of colonial violence。 Through a detailed exploration of the history of the Benin bronzes， Hick’s offers a vision for a shift for museums to proactively document and share data on the provenance of their collections and become more open to calls for return of looted objects。 I highly recommend for anyone interested in the future of cultural memory and cultural heritage。 。。。more
Ron
，
I do not agree with the fundamental argument that Hicks argues here。 But I do applaud the extent of some of the research that was laid out in this book。 I believe Hicks could better his writing to make the book more readable。 There are better books on this subject matter that lay out said arguments more sensibly。 See， Loot by Barnaby Phillips。
Bonnie
，
Dan Hicks is the reason the Pitt Rivers Museum is no longer a place for everyone。 He is part of the gender woo woo tribe， and would prefer to use religious dogma and bad science to justify his many bad choices when it comes to the installations at this once revered museum。 How sad to see it tank。 The book was unreadable and desperately needed an editor。 I so look forward to the day when Dan Hicks and his ilk are no longer in charge at this once famous museum。 I do not recommend the book or the m Dan Hicks is the reason the Pitt Rivers Museum is no longer a place for everyone。 He is part of the gender woo woo tribe， and would prefer to use religious dogma and bad science to justify his many bad choices when it comes to the installations at this once revered museum。 How sad to see it tank。 The book was unreadable and desperately needed an editor。 I so look forward to the day when Dan Hicks and his ilk are no longer in charge at this once famous museum。 I do not recommend the book or the museum under his short sighted and narrow tutelage。 。。。more
Alessandro
，
。。。or how to ruin a supremely important topic with terrible writing and a good deal of self-aggrandiziment and white saviorism。 Parts of this book are great， informative and thought-provoking， a lot of others are however written so convolutedly that it takes several attempts to parse single sentences。 On top of that， prof Hicks clearly thinks a lot of himself， loves attempting to create neologisms （stop trying to make fetch happen， Dan）， and is remarkably silent about how restitution would like 。。。or how to ruin a supremely important topic with terrible writing and a good deal of self-aggrandiziment and white saviorism。 Parts of this book are great， informative and thought-provoking， a lot of others are however written so convolutedly that it takes several attempts to parse single sentences。 On top of that， prof Hicks clearly thinks a lot of himself， loves attempting to create neologisms （stop trying to make fetch happen， Dan）， and is remarkably silent about how restitution would like in African countries。 It doesn't rest all on the shoulders of （white， western） anthropology museum curators。 I suspect that even the most technical parts， clearly not intended for laypersons such as myself， would result indigestible for experts in the field。 。。。more
Kieran
，
Fuck colonialism。 Fuck neocolonialism。
Dan Mccarthy
，
A clear and in-depth look at the destruction of Benin City in 1897， its looting of priceless artifacts， their place in museums， and what this event can tell us about the importance of restitution and the destruction of the idea of ‘universal museums’。 I recommend this book to everyone in the Public History field - read and consider your place in this ongoing injustice。Dan Hicks is the curator of world archaeology at the Pitt Rivers Museum in Britain - home to some looted Benin artifacts。 This fa A clear and in-depth look at the destruction of Benin City in 1897， its looting of priceless artifacts， their place in museums， and what this event can tell us about the importance of restitution and the destruction of the idea of ‘universal museums’。 I recommend this book to everyone in the Public History field - read and consider your place in this ongoing injustice。Dan Hicks is the curator of world archaeology at the Pitt Rivers Museum in Britain - home to some looted Benin artifacts。 This familiarity to the artifacts and their place in British museums led Hicks to do an in-depth cataloging of the number of Benin artifacts and their locations to further restitution， and eventually this book to put these artifacts into the violent context which museums have removed them from。“The purpose of this book is to take stock of the use of the anthropology museum during the 1890s as a weapon， a method and a device for the ideology of white supremacy to legitimise， extend and naturalize new extremes of violence within corporate colonialism - in order to reclaim the vital function of these institutions in the future， to transform their purpose， to put an end to their function as the warehouses of disaster capitalist-colonialism: dismantle， repurpose， restitute， recognise their status as sites of conscience。 The book aims to break three dominant narratives about key aspects of the sacking of Benin City。 First， to expand the story of the punitive expedition to become a wider history of colonial violence in the 19th century。 Second， to expose the truth about the supposed official nature of the looting and sale of the Benin Bronzes， and thus to trace how the sheer force with which a cultural center was destroyed still fractures and splinters across time and space throughout the 20th century and into the 21st。 Third， to reveal the intimate links of the narrative of the so-called ‘universal museum’ with enduring processes of militarist-corporate colonialism in 21st-century global capitalism。 In each case， this is about stepping back from a focus on nation states， understanding the intertwined nature of German and British traders on the Niger River and museum curators from Berlin to Oxford， and seeing African cultural restitution today as about more than just nation-to-nation， especially where the European nation is often limited to the former colonial power; the global geographies of the Benin Bronzes holds lessons for many other cases。”The Brutish Museums is written in a very academic tone which some may find difficult to consume， however I found it reminiscent of many of the texts we read in courses during my own MA and MLIS courses when discussing museums and memory。 I found myself wishing on a number of occasions while reading this book that it had come out during my graduate studies， and that I could have discussed it with my peers。“The book has been written with this motto in mind: as the border is to the nation state so the museum is to the empire。 Like the border uses space to classify， making distinctions between different kinds of humans， so the museum uses time。 Like the telegraph， the camera and the disciplines of archeology and anthropology themselves， the museum seeks to annihilate time and space， to weaponize distance， Like the camera， the museum does not freeze time but controls exposure， measures out duration。”According to Hicks， western museums are in-part a weapon of imperialism。 They have collected the loot from hundreds of of violence and display them as evidence of the strength of the empire， and to other those defeated。 By looking at a number of the plaques in museums to provide ‘context’ to the Benin bronzes we can see the one-sided story of white supremacy that is used to excuse the existence of these items in western collections; By looking at the excuses museums give for the continued refusal to return looted items to colonized peoples of the Global South we can see the continued failure to understand the power context behind these exhibits“Are museums just neutral containers， custodians of a universal heritage， displaying a common global cultural patrimony to an international public of millions each year， celebrations of African creativity that radically lift up African art alongside European sculpture and painting as a universal heritage？ The point of departure for this book is the idea that， for as long as they continue to display sacred and royal objects looted during colonial massacres， they will remain the very inverse of all this: hundreds of monuments to the violent propaganda of western superiority above African civilizations erected in the name of ‘race science’， littered across Europe and North America like war memorials to gain rather than to loss， devices for the construction of the Global South as backward， institutions complicit in a prolongation of extreme violence and cultural destruction， indexes of mass atrocity and iconoclasm and ongoing degradation， legacies of when the ideology of cultural evolution， which was an ideology of white supremacy， used the museum as a tool for the production of alterity; tools still operating， hiding in plain sight。”This copy came from my library， however I enjoyed it enough that when the hoped-for second edition does come out i’ll have to buy it for my own collection， and highlight and mark it up with notes。I’m reminded of the table-top role playing game “It Was Never Yours” in which the players are thieves breaking into a post-Brexit British Museum to take back items and return them to their rightful owners。 I’m reminded of Killmonger in ‘The Black Panther’ looking at African artifacts in the museum and telling the employee “How do you think your ancestors got these？ Do you think they paid a fair price？ Or did they take it， like they took everything else？” 。。。more
Stanley Trollip
，
A very interesting book on an important topic - the status of African works of art - stolen from Nigeria and residing all over the world。 Marred by some very poor writing。
Dave Pier
，
This polemic could effectively have been made in 30 pages。 I gave up two thirds of the way in， because it seemed like nothing substantial was going to be added to the story or argument--just more slathering on of anthropological theory allusions。 Barnaby Phillips's book Loot is the more informative read on this topic。 Hicks's book is mainly interesting for its hardline view， especially coming from a curator of a major British collection of Benin art。 He describes museums displaying looted art as This polemic could effectively have been made in 30 pages。 I gave up two thirds of the way in， because it seemed like nothing substantial was going to be added to the story or argument--just more slathering on of anthropological theory allusions。 Barnaby Phillips's book Loot is the more informative read on this topic。 Hicks's book is mainly interesting for its hardline view， especially coming from a curator of a major British collection of Benin art。 He describes museums displaying looted art as weapons， comparable to guns or tanks， which are extending the violence of the original imperial atrocities。 There is nothing a museum can do， no corrective framing， that can rid it of guilt， not just for past harms but for harms that are still unfolding in the present。 The only thing they can and must do is return all the art to its original owners。 This is a moral argument worth considering， apart from the practical challenges of relocating the art。 。。。more
Patrick Cartlidge
，
The interesting part of the book is it’s main argument but this is contained mostly in the opening and closing chapters。 It’s not a difficult argument to understand but the writing is confusing and often repeats itself。 I think it would help if the reader has prior knowledge of anthropology and it should be noted that it has a more academic tone than I anticipated。 Would probably recommend Hicks’ articles and Twitter account over this book。
Annie
，
Disturbing， disruptive and a call to action against repeated violence， in the keeping and display of looted /stolen museum items。
Hope Gillespie
，
4。5/ 5 This book has been very hyped in the anthropology/art history/ museum studies world for the last year and while I felt like it was an interesting case study about restitution and colonial violence， it didn’t feel particularly groundbreaking to me。 I think Dan Hicks is brilliant and the book is clearly well done and exceptionally well thought out， though I wouldn’t recommend it to a non-academic。
Kelly
，
Deep deep look at end of century European colonialism。 Scattered at times but compelling。 Draws great parallels to current foreign affairs tactics。 Not an introduction to material culture or museum studies。
Michael Stanley
，
Fascinating topic with an interesting perspective。 However the writing was academic on steroids - long， long sentences that needed to be reread several times。 With crisp， clear writing this would have been so much better。
Heather
，
This book was honestly so disappointing。 I fully support that there are some works that will have a more academic tone。 But this book is very hard to read， and most of it comes down to writing style。 Many sentences are too long， and the author unfortunately does not construct a readable narrative。 While I give credit for the extensive amount of research， it is just not presented well。 It's a shame because this is such an important subject matter。 This book was honestly so disappointing。 I fully support that there are some works that will have a more academic tone。 But this book is very hard to read， and most of it comes down to writing style。 Many sentences are too long， and the author unfortunately does not construct a readable narrative。 While I give credit for the extensive amount of research， it is just not presented well。 It's a shame because this is such an important subject matter。 。。。more
Malcolm
，
Britain’s self-narrative of empire never fails to unsettle me， with its claims to a humanitarian empire， one of benevolence integrating those scattered far and wide into a global family with advanced education and efficient railways。 We are told to be proud of it， as perhaps Britain’s greatest global contribution。 These praise singers acknowledge that perhaps some things could have been done better， but by the standards of the time it was better than all the others even if now we might wince at Britain’s self-narrative of empire never fails to unsettle me， with its claims to a humanitarian empire， one of benevolence integrating those scattered far and wide into a global family with advanced education and efficient railways。 We are told to be proud of it， as perhaps Britain’s greatest global contribution。 These praise singers acknowledge that perhaps some things could have been done better， but by the standards of the time it was better than all the others even if now we might wince at some aspects of a difficult history。Yet， as Priyamvada Gopal has shown in her excellent Insurgent Empire there were plenty of opponents at the time。 Dan Hicks， in this exceptional piece of work， shows the gratuitous excesses of imperial outreach as not just happening ‘back then’ but as an integral part of and re-enacted every day in anthropology museums。 Hicks makes the powerful point， on one or two occasions explicitly but mainly implicitly， that these are not ‘difficult pasts’ but presents that demand resolution and justice。 He is curator of Oxford’s Pitt Rivers Museum， an anthropology museum full entirely of loot and plunder from Britain’s colonial and imperial adventures。 Rather than range across the entire collection of confront colonial expropriation and looting in an expansive manner， Hicks focuses in on one cabinet （vitrine） marked in the museum as ‘Benin Court Art’。 These pieces represent one of the two most contested collections in British museology – the Benin Bronzes （the other of course being the Parthenon/Elgin Marbles in the British Museum）。 In doing so he asks three questions: how did they come to be there， what do they represent and what should be done about them。 At the heart of his story in Britain’s west African colonies， the Victorian empire， a quest for profit， and the construction of the white supremacy at the heart of Britain’s imperial self-justification。 It all turns on a military raid of extreme ferocity in 1897 that struck at the heart of the Kingdom of Benin， destroyed its urban core， shifted the balance of economic and political forces in what is now Nigeria and reshaped the emerging state structures of the region controlled by Britain but wedged between French and German occupied territories in what are now Benin and Cameroon。 Hicks links the attack to shifts in internal British government relations that were pushing private partner companies out of colonial influence – it had already happened in India and was coming to a close in much of Africa as well。 This is a compelling part of the argument where he challenges the myths and images of Victorian ‘gentlemanly imperialism’ to argue for a military-corporate imperialism， recasting over 60 years of ‘small wars’ during Victoria’s reign as ‘World War Zero’ as Britain indulged in military conquest across ¼ of the world in Africa， Asia and the Pacific。 His detailed focus on the 1897 ‘raid’ means that he does little to mitigate the horrors of the attacks made by canon， rockets， machine guns， hollow point bullets and more against local armies at best armed muzzle loading， unrifled， pellet firing guns and more often against civilian settlements in what seems close to a scorched earth attack。 And for those who want to say， it was a different time， he reminds us that many of these tactics， as well as the widespread looting at the core of his case， were outlawed by the Geneva Accords in 1899: two years later。This event provides the core of his analysis， but this is not a military or colonial history， but an exploration of the place of looted artefacts in anthropology （increasingly relabelled ‘world culture’） museums。 The Benin Bronzes are art works of exquisite quality – so good that they then became the subject of denial where the analysts and ideologists of the period argued that they must have been based in skills learned from elsewhere in Europe or West Asia。 Here was empire’s white supremacy in action: he links this to arguments against restitution where the justification lies in the inability of nations whose stuff this is to protect and preserve it。 This then is a theoretically sophisticated argument， worn lightly， exploring the persistence of empire in the present， with the looting and destruction of those same ‘world cultures’ re-enacted every time the museum opens each day。 He casts this as the study and writing of death， and the weaponisation of time in the interests of the regimes of power the built and continue to shore up those imperial relations。 It may， in a sense， be a study in museum practice – but it is more than that because the contested character of restitution means that those stolen artefacts have now become seen as the legitimate property of the metropolitan state （as point also brilliantly made by the comedian James Acaster in 2019）。 Hicks does at least three vital things here。 He challenges us to rethink the legitimacy and role of anthropology museums （whatever we call them）， he rethinks the global dynamics of Victorian empire and the violence and expropriation at its core， and he reminds us that that empire is not an event of the past， but is a continuing phenomenon。 Others， I suspect， will see other things in this richly cast and articulated case。 On top of all that， for the post part it is an engaging （if in places harrowing） read justly praised and celebrated by many （while also criticised by those whose interest lies in protecting the current order）。 In a year where （so far） I have read some superb books – this stands out both as a powerful and impressive piece of work， and as one that may well have an impact for quite some time to come。 Very highly recommended。 。。。more
Jens Hieber
，
This is a very uneven book: 3。5 stars。Quite a bit about this evidences excellent scholarship （even the parts that seem unnecessarily detailed for a lay-reader like myself）。 Hicks has a strong argument and at times makes his case very well。 In its content， I support the role he envisions for museums and the importance of anthropology as he puts it forth。 As a curator， he quite adequately is able to point to the failings of both the past and the present and overall， this is a much needed book。 And This is a very uneven book: 3。5 stars。Quite a bit about this evidences excellent scholarship （even the parts that seem unnecessarily detailed for a lay-reader like myself）。 Hicks has a strong argument and at times makes his case very well。 In its content， I support the role he envisions for museums and the importance of anthropology as he puts it forth。 As a curator， he quite adequately is able to point to the failings of both the past and the present and overall， this is a much needed book。 And yet I wish it had been written by someone else with the same level of expertise。 I found his writing quite insufferable at times， with the overuse of rhetorical questions and a sardonic tone that at times bordered on a thinly concealed self-righteousness。 The historical account he attempts to portray of the destruction and looting of the kingdom of Benin is not particularly clear and often confusing; having recently read Hochschild's 'King Leopold's Ghost' and Olusoga/Erichsen's 'The Kaiser's Holocaust'， I can't help but compare their excellent writing to this， much less capable effort。 。。。more
Mónica Lindsay-Pérez
，
“One of my main aims in addressing this past is to help to catalyse a new acknowledgement of the scale and horror of British corporate-militarist colonialism。。。 But this cannot be short-circuited by the mere rewriting of labels of shuffling around of stolen objects in new displays that retell the history of empire， not matter how ‘critically’ or self-consciously 。。。 British museums need urgently to move beyond the dominant mode of ‘reflexivity’ and self awareness in museum thinking， which amount “One of my main aims in addressing this past is to help to catalyse a new acknowledgement of the scale and horror of British corporate-militarist colonialism。。。 But this cannot be short-circuited by the mere rewriting of labels of shuffling around of stolen objects in new displays that retell the history of empire， not matter how ‘critically’ or self-consciously 。。。 British museums need urgently to move beyond the dominant mode of ‘reflexivity’ and self awareness in museum thinking， which amounts to little more than a kind of self-guard” （xiii）“The three decades between the betting conference of 1884 and the outbreak of WW1 will be known as ‘World War 0’” （xiii）“This book is at the same time a kind of defence of the importance of anthropology museums， as places that decentre European culture， world views and prejudices， but only if such museums transform themselves by facing up to the enduring presence of empire， including through acts of cultural restitution and reparations， and for the transformation of a central part of the purpose of these spaces into sides of conscience。” （4）“We can no longer afford to take that which was good in the past and simply call it our heritage， to discard the bad and simply think of it as a dead load which by itself time will bury in oblivion。 The subterranean stream of Western history has finally come to the surface and usurped the dignity of our tradition。 This is the reality in which we live。 And this is why all efforts to escape from the grimness of the past into nostalgia for a still intact past， or into the anticipated oblivion of a better future， are in vain。” （18） Hannay Arendt， Preface to The Origins of Totalitarianism， 1950Birmingham City Museum The Past Is Now Exhibition“Our notion of dispossession needs to break apart the old distinction， drawn ultimately from Roman law， between portable objects or chattels on the one hand， and the inalienability of land on the other。 We are accustomed， in the contexts of settler colonialism， to dialogues around land rights and Indigenous source communities。 But dialogue about sacred， royal， or otherwise powerful objects， which are equally inalienable in that they could never be given away， takes place in a different register。 The pillaging of objects was far from just an opportunistic side effect of what the Victorians called their “little wars” or “small wars” of colonial expansion in Africa。 Loot and pillage were of central importance to extractive and militarist colonialism， just as land was to settler colonialism。” （23）“In 2019， Hartwig Fischer， the director of the British Museum， announced that in his view “When you move cultural heritage into a museum， you move it out of context。 However， this shift is also a creative act。” （25）Achille Mbembe’s account of necropolitics discusses attacks upon the nonhuman environment as well as just the human body （33）Rudyard Kiplings poem， If （1895）: “Yours is the earth and everything in it。”He explains the difference between settler colonialism and extractive colonialism。 African colonialism was extractive （except South Africa）The French sacking of the palaces of Abomey in Dahomey （today Benin） （1892） during which art was looted。He shows that the Benin raid of 1897 was not a response to the “Philips massacre” （in which British soldiers were killed by the Beninese）， which is the narrative told by museums。 Rather， the raid was planned years in advance， and the Phillips massacre was only a retaliation to the Royal Niger Company’s violence， which was justified by saying that the natives still practiced slavery and cannibalism。 （84）The Jameson Raid of 1895 in South Africa effectively ended Rhodes’ political career （95）The Battle of Plassey 1757 between the East India Company and Bengal was a massive slaughter that was celebrated as the start of British rule in India。He includes the to do list of George Le Clerc Egerton who wrote in 1897: “work to be done on Saturday， the 20th of February: cuts and stretches to be prepared for sick。 Paragraph juju houses to blow down。 Walls and houses to be knocked down。 Queen mothers house to be burnt。” （130）The British atrocity at Benin City was a crime against humanity that mapped directly onto the three principal elements of the 1899 Hague Convention: the indiscriminate attack on human life in which tens of thousands died; the purposeful and proactive destruction of an ancient， cultural religious and royal site; and the looting of sacred out works。 The Hague Convention banned the bombardment of “undefended settlements of villages and towns“， while also banning bullets， like the “soft points“ that were designed to expand when they hit humans， along with all over arms that caused a superfluous injury。 The convention undertook to “spare as far as possible edifices devoted to religion， art， science and charity“， and the destruction of seizure of property。 Further it repeated that “the pillage of a town or place， even one taken by assault is prohibited“。 By the time the convention came into effect on 4 September 1900 the Royal Niger company had been sold to the British crown。 The next three chapters will take stock of how the sacking of Benin city destroyed human life at an industrial scale， erased a unique cultural sight of global significance， and affected an informal campaign of looting and sale that continues， through the agency of western museums， to this day。 （114）Subsequent to the primary task of this corporate-militarist-colonial operation， the killing and scattering of people， was the destruction and scattering of Royal and sacred cultural heritage。（127）Benin contained some of the largest earthworks in human history - ditches measuring up to 17m deep and longer than the Great Wall of China。 It was long thought that these were purely functional （used as defences or slave holding stores）。 However， it is clear that they had sacred and ceremonial significance because of how impractically and impossibly deep they were。 （132）Bronze was such an important part of the regional culture that in the Edo language， the verb SAEYAMA means “to remember”， but it’s literal translation is “to cast a motif in bronze”。Frantz Fanon - They talk to me about progress， about “achievements”， diseases cured， improved standards of living。 I speak of societies emptied of themselves， cultures trodden down， societies undermined， lands confiscated， religions slaughtered， artistic magnificence destroyed， extraordinary possibilities suppressed。 They threw facts in my face， statistics， the kilometre lengths of roads， canals and railways… I am talking about millions of men torn away from their gods， their land， their traditions， their life: torn from life， from dance， from knowledgeIn 2002 the declaration of the importance and value of universal museums was issued by the “Bizot“ group， founded in 1992， which comprised 18 of the worlds great museums （only 4 were national museums， including one in Madrid） and supported the idea of the “universal museum“。 The declaration said that “the diminishing of collections such as these would be a great loss to the worlds cultural heritage。“ It listed restitution as one of the most threatening issues to collections who were “cultural achievements in their own right。” In the words of Dan， “the declaration distinguish between ‘the conviction that illegal traffic in archaeological， artistic， and ethnic objects must be family discouraged’ on the one hand， and ‘the conceptualisation of objects acquired in earlier times’ on the other。 （195）The first call for restitution was made by the bending over of 1936。… The looting of BenIn city and the importance of Benin art for Nigerian， African and African diaspore rick culture grew in the public imaginary and in popular culture: the Ben and bronzes featured on Nigerian storms in 1971， and in 1979 Nigerian filmmaker Eddie Ugbomah made a movie called italics the mask， in which a Nigerian action hero steals the Queen IDI a mask back from the British Museum。 （196）The Nigerian government continued to purchase looted objects when they appeared on the open market， paying £800，000 for objects bought at a Sotheby’s auction in 1980 for an exhibition called “lost treasures of ancient BENIN” at the National Museum in Lagos the following year， which aimed “to reach those countries that have refused to return our art treasures。” （197）Today there is no place for the logic of the Kunstschutz （the fascist idea of seizing art to keep it safe） in our anthropology museums， not least for the Allied idea that African societies are unable to care for and make decisions about their own cultural heritage。 （200）The Taliban’s dynamiting of the Buddhas of Bamyan in Afghanistan in 2001 was condemned by western museums， while the direct and indirect cultural destructions that led from the US invasion of Iraq‘s unique archaeological and cultural landscape， including allowing the looting of museums and cultural heritage sites， the burning of the National library of Baghdad on two occasions， and the construction of a military base on the site of ancient Babylon， were blamed on Iraqis rather than on the coalitions failure in its duties under the Geneva and Hague Convention is to prevent looting。” （206）It is， as we know， the victors who write the history， especially when only the victors know how to write。 Those who are on the losing side， those who societies are conquered or destroyed， often have only their things to tell their story。 The Caribbean Taino， the Australian aboriginals， the African people of Benin and the Incas can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told three objects to give them back a voice。 Neil McGregor in his preface to the handbook for the ideology of the universal museum， A History of the World in 100 Objects （208）“There are no foreigners here。 This is a world country， this museum，” chimed the director of the British Museum， Hartwig Fischer， in an interview in 2018， presenting the British Museum as “the Museum of the world for the world。” Meanwhile the Louvre Abu Dhabi opened in November 2017 billed as “the first universal Museum of the Arab world”， complete with a bronze overhead looted in 1897 as part of its founding collection。 （213）No amount of institutional self-consciousness or rewriting of the labels to make the story more direct， or less euphemistic will work – to tell the story of this colonial violence in the gallery space is it self to repeat it， to extend it， as long as a stolen object is present and no attempt is made to make a return。 Reflects liberty in this instance， as so often in anthropology and archaeology， becomes me a self-regard， mixed perhaps with virtue signalling， and always risking a kind of “dark tourism”， of “ruin porn“， of that kind of dereliction flâneurie that dehumanises by bringing just words and images to loss in material form， rather than actions。 （218）The last of the British soldiers who sacked Benin City in 1897 died as recently as the 1970s。 （222）When museums talk and think about empire they too often follow suit， and leave one big， Queen Victoria-shaped gap between emancipation in 1838 and the second Boer war （1899/1902）。 And yet that’s the very period in which most of the global material began to enter the vaults of Britain’s museums， in which objects came to be gathered through a host of roots and processes， among which， hiding in plain sight， are two main codependent stretches: looting and the ideology of ‘race’。 （223）There should be no “controversy“ over the future of violently looted objects and artworks in our care。 To demand their return is not iconoclasm， but the reversal of iconoclasm， exposing the ideology of universality as a peculiarly western concern， and beginning a national process of British engagement with colonial ultraviolence and its enduring reality in global disaster capitalism， visible not least in the ongoing sponsorship of British museum exhibitions by BP。 （225）There is no more important question for western museums today then restitution – which must involve， but is by no means restricted to， the return of cultural property。 By using the case of been in 1897 to consider these questions， the book seeks to join dots between loot and human remains， Reese science and ethnographic displays， and to show that looting was not just some byproduct of empire but came in this period to be a principal means of domination and a new cultural ideology of “race”。 （227）anthropology museums will only be able to fulfil their central， crucial function –… – When nothing in their collections is present against the will of others。 （228） That chosen language is not just euphemistic; it is divisive – designed to cultivate the widespread misunderstanding that questions of restitution are about some false choice between empty galleries or keeping everything。 Of course，no one holds either position。 in reality it’s routine for UK museums to return loot。 Britain’s National Museum director is council “recognises and applause the wrongful taking of works of art that constituted one of the many horrors of the Holocaust and World War II，” and adopted the 1998 washing to the principles on Nazi converse gated art， whereby the onus of responsibility for understanding pronounce shifts to institutions not potential claimants。 British Museums have been returning colonial human remains to indigenous communities for even longer。 The urgent question now is: what about colonial speciation of cultural property？ （233） 。。。more
Colin
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A deep and rather philosophical work on the nature of museums and the collections taken by violence and displayed as trophies of that violence， the racist nature of colonialism and colonial violence， and the process of decolonialization and cultural restitution。 The author is a director of a museum in Britain， and certainly sees the value and importance of museums， but is not afraid to look the issues in the eye and take stock of the Global North's treatment of the Global South。 Highly recommend A deep and rather philosophical work on the nature of museums and the collections taken by violence and displayed as trophies of that violence， the racist nature of colonialism and colonial violence， and the process of decolonialization and cultural restitution。 The author is a director of a museum in Britain， and certainly sees the value and importance of museums， but is not afraid to look the issues in the eye and take stock of the Global North's treatment of the Global South。 Highly recommended。 。。。more
Adam James
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3。5 rounded up。 The ideas presented are interesting and important， and I do personally agree very strongly with most of it。 The role and nature of museums in supporting structural racism is important and in need of questioning- presenting cultures and objects as frozen snippets， removing contexts of brutal democide and looting， reifying imperialistic narratives created by the thieves， whitewashing and rewriting histories in public displays， etc etc。 Understanding the pressing need for museums （b 3。5 rounded up。 The ideas presented are interesting and important， and I do personally agree very strongly with most of it。 The role and nature of museums in supporting structural racism is important and in need of questioning- presenting cultures and objects as frozen snippets， removing contexts of brutal democide and looting， reifying imperialistic narratives created by the thieves， whitewashing and rewriting histories in public displays， etc etc。 Understanding the pressing need for museums （both national and private） to return looted goods， whose very existance in our museums upholds and legitimises the violence performed to capture them， requires understanding the history around them， and that is one of the strenghts of the book。 However， I do not think the book always manages to present its arguements in a compelling or convincing way， and despite my interest I still found much of the first half boring and convoluted。 Still， I'd recommend it， and if you're unsure you should check it out of a library and read some of the last few chapters where it discusses modern museums and the actions needed now。 。。。more
Estelle Praet
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An essential book to understand the violence associated with the rise of western museums。 You have to read this if you want to have tools to understand museums and looting during colonial times。 It is putting together very important （and greatly elaborated） theoretical concepts to analyse museums as structures reinforcing white supremacy and maintaining colonial mechanisms in handling non western heritage。 It is paving the way for restitutions in the future with a massive work documenting collec An essential book to understand the violence associated with the rise of western museums。 You have to read this if you want to have tools to understand museums and looting during colonial times。 It is putting together very important （and greatly elaborated） theoretical concepts to analyse museums as structures reinforcing white supremacy and maintaining colonial mechanisms in handling non western heritage。 It is paving the way for restitutions in the future with a massive work documenting collections of looted artefacts from the Benin "punitive" expedition。 A must-read！ 。。。more
Toyin A
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Dan Hicks works in the University of Oxford as a curator of world archaeology。 his expertise is in British imperial historiography。In this book， he starts with narrating the violent ways the British troops invaded the City of Benin in 1897， exiled the Oba and looted objects which are displayed in 161 museums across Europe and North America。 He calls this the "Punitive Expedition" and explains how this is different from the spoils of war and how it led to the wider history of colonial violence。Th Dan Hicks works in the University of Oxford as a curator of world archaeology。 his expertise is in British imperial historiography。In this book， he starts with narrating the violent ways the British troops invaded the City of Benin in 1897， exiled the Oba and looted objects which are displayed in 161 museums across Europe and North America。 He calls this the "Punitive Expedition" and explains how this is different from the spoils of war and how it led to the wider history of colonial violence。The discussion about cultural restitution did not start with loots from these punitive expeditions。 As far back as 1812， Thomas Bruce took classical Greek marble sculptures to the British Museum believing he was "rescuing" them。Rooted in the refusal to return the loot is disguising the horrors of colonialism as opening up the continent to civilisation。Weaponising Christianity to justify violence， first cultural practices are fetishized and declared barbaric， then military action introduced in the name of God to justify killings and vandalism of cultural heritage。Not to ignore the inherent complications restitutions bring， there is a valid argument for Western museums to return the looted cultural artefacts。 Selling them at a nominal price to "to support the establishment of the new national museums" is as insulting as it is distasteful。 。。。more
Brenda
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Essential reading。
Sharon
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Extremely powerful， topical， and important。 Museums owe a duty to their patrons and to the ravaged cultures of the world to recontextualize and repatriate objects in order to decolonize museums and make them the places of learning they should be。 Read for Cultural Heritage， master's level museum studies course。 Extremely powerful， topical， and important。 Museums owe a duty to their patrons and to the ravaged cultures of the world to recontextualize and repatriate objects in order to decolonize museums and make them the places of learning they should be。 Read for Cultural Heritage， master's level museum studies course。 。。。more
Linda
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must read for museum folks
Aron Ambrosiani
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Read this for a detailed， well-researched example of the connection between colonial warfare and museum collections。 A bit theory-heavy for me， but the detailed historical account more than makes up for it。 An important book that hopefully provokes not only debate but also actual restitution。
Steve Gillway
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Scholarly account of the sacking of Benin in 1897， particularly focusing on the looting of artefacts。 Perhaps， because the author works at the Pitt-Rivers museum in Oxford he is ideally placed to use this historical example to exaemplify the moral issues behind exhibiting these items。 I found it amazing to know that prestigious museums don't know what they have and are unwilling to release details of what they hold in reserve。 Hicks brings a strong case for items to be returned- just like they d Scholarly account of the sacking of Benin in 1897， particularly focusing on the looting of artefacts。 Perhaps， because the author works at the Pitt-Rivers museum in Oxford he is ideally placed to use this historical example to exaemplify the moral issues behind exhibiting these items。 I found it amazing to know that prestigious museums don't know what they have and are unwilling to release details of what they hold in reserve。 Hicks brings a strong case for items to be returned- just like they do with respect of the looting of the Nazis。 。。。more
Hanno
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This book lays bare the hypocrisy used by those who object giving back looted objects。 The book is particularly convincing because it was written by someone on the inside， a museum curator。 I really enjoyed the language and style。 Overall， an excellent book。 Can highly recommend！
Elizabeth Judd Taylor
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