The Power of Geography: Ten Maps That Reveal the Future of Our World - The Much-Anticipated Sequel to the Global Bestseller Prisoners of Geography

The Power of Geography: Ten Maps That Reveal the Future of Our World - The Much-Anticipated Sequel to the Global Bestseller Prisoners of Geography

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  • Create Date:2021-09-23 00:51:03
  • Update Date:2025-09-06
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  • Author:Tim Marshall
  • ISBN:1783966025
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Summary

Wer die Nachrichten von morgen heute schon verstehen möchte。

Die großen internationalen Konflikte des 21。 Jahrhunderts sind heute bereits angelegt。 Mit bestechender Klarsicht identifiziert der Politikexperte Tim Marshall, welche zehn Regionen die größten Krisenherde der nächsten Zukunft darstellen。 Er erklärt, welche Rolle geographische Faktoren spielen, wer in die Konflikte verwickelt ist und welche Lösungen es geben könnte。 So wird Australien im Pazifik mit der Supermacht China konfrontiert sein, Griechenland mit der Türkei um Gebiete im Mittelmeer kämpfen, die Sahelzone eine neue Flüchtlingskrise in Europa hervorrufen und der Weltraum unterschiedlichste Besitzansprüche wecken - ein äußerst spannendes Hörbuch, das uns die Augen für die großen Herausforderungen der kommenden Jahre öffnet。

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Reviews

Michael Hooper

A great, more in depth sequel giving insight into specific countries, and ending on a surprisingly cheerful note。

Ourania Draklellis

what i love most about this book is how accessible it is。 so much of geopolitical tension today is rooted in intricate, ancient antagonism and marshall really presents it all in a clear, succinct way。 his ending with astropolitics and resource-mining of outer space is the perfect intro to a very necessary conversation and ethical dilemma; are we really entitled to the resources of space?

Richard Howard

Not as ground breaking as his previous book 'Prisoners of Geography' but still very interesting and thought-provoking。I thought his analysis of post-Brexit Britain however was far too positive。 It's not been fully implemented yet and we're seeing empty shelves, distribution chains collapsing, energy suppliers going bust and prices abd bills soaring。 Not as ground breaking as his previous book 'Prisoners of Geography' but still very interesting and thought-provoking。I thought his analysis of post-Brexit Britain however was far too positive。 It's not been fully implemented yet and we're seeing empty shelves, distribution chains collapsing, energy suppliers going bust and prices abd bills soaring。 。。。more

Allen Edwards

This is a great follow up to the ‘Prisoners of Geography’ this book is just as good as it’s predecessor。

Zachary Barker

This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers。 To view it, click here。 How about a nice random fact for today? If you were to get in a car and drive in a straight line from the East coast of Australia to the West coast, it would be the equivalent of driving from Kent, going through the Channel Tunnel and driving all the way to Syria。Such comparisons give you an idea of the geographic challenges that the Earth gives it’s people to build lives for themselves, generations later communities become nations。 。 This book is a sequel to the previous release “Prisoners of G How about a nice random fact for today? If you were to get in a car and drive in a straight line from the East coast of Australia to the West coast, it would be the equivalent of driving from Kent, going through the Channel Tunnel and driving all the way to Syria。Such comparisons give you an idea of the geographic challenges that the Earth gives it’s people to build lives for themselves, generations later communities become nations。 。 This book is a sequel to the previous release “Prisoners of Geography”, which I thoroughly recommend。 This book looks into the specific countries and areas of: Australia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, the UK, Greece, Turkey, The Sahel, Ethiopia, Spain and Space。 When it comes to geography, not all nations are created equal。 Australia is blessed with a large land mass and lots of Uranium and coal deposits, yet water scarcity is a problem and the treatment of the indigenous population casts a long shadow。 Iran is a vast and exotic land bedevilled by religious extremism, but much of it’s borders are covered by mountainous defences。 In the Sahel, climate change has been slowly simmering up tensions which have erupted into loosely connected Jihadist insurgencies that cross borders and threaten overwhelm multiple West African states。 The geography of Spain is stunning, But arguably the most challenging emerging security environment we face is the final frontier。Outside our atmosphere things are heating up。 Commercial and government satellites are proliferating。 So is space junk, even to the point where it threatens the international space stations。 To add to this anti-satellite research and testing is increasing among not only the Permanent Five members of the UN Security Council, but also in other nations such as India。 The Outer Space Treaty is woefully inadequate as tensions mount up and rival countries are readying themselves to make their claims, much like the race for the melting Arctic。 Near Earth Orbit, which could be a vital refuelling area for spacecraft taking off from the Earth, could become a particular flashpoint in the near future。 How can we possibly de-escalate from this? Well civilian cooperation would be a start。 However, the US Senate stands in the way of the US and Chinese civilian space administrations cooperating with each other。 And yet we have shared interests in discovery and exploration, but also in planetary defence against Extinction Level Event’s (ELE’s)。Overall, I did enjoy this book。 However, I felt this book took more liberties with linking political commentary with actual concrete geography concerns compared to the previous instalment。 That said, most of the points were well made。 Very tellingly for the future energy security concerns came up several times。 。。。more

Juliana

Really interesting and the histories provided were really informative。 But the pro-Western country tone was a bit weird and hard to ignore。 Especially re: the Sahel and Space。

Ed Greening

Superficial, with a litany of grammatical, spelling and factual errors

Alex Cook

Going to definitely read POG soon because of this read。 Really informative and fascinating book about how geography is leveraged to a countries advantage but also the costs associated with this。 Highlighted Chapters 1) United Kingdom: kinda biased Brit here, but there are take aways which changed my view on how I view my country in relation to the rest of the world。 Our main competitive advantage is our "indented coasts" we have many trade route possibilities at our disposal, we can access so ma Going to definitely read POG soon because of this read。 Really informative and fascinating book about how geography is leveraged to a countries advantage but also the costs associated with this。 Highlighted Chapters 1) United Kingdom: kinda biased Brit here, but there are take aways which changed my view on how I view my country in relation to the rest of the world。 Our main competitive advantage is our "indented coasts" we have many trade route possibilities at our disposal, we can access so many different parts of Europe, North Africa, etc and thus become not only in a good condition to become a maritime force to propel power but also draw power in。 Look at our map, then look at it from Europe, what you get is that we're the out of reach one of the bunch, we keep our distance, so it can be in jest rebellious and relucivie at the same time from a first glance, looking at most of our history we have always invaded Scotland (England) to stop an alliance with France or Spain taking route。 this has always seemed like normal geopolitical squabbling, then, you take that map and do a 90 degree turn, the issue becomes apparent。 We're surrounded by Europe, on one hand we have access to many trade routes but we have many vulnerabilities to be invaded by our neighbours (Vikings, Saxons, French to coulda-been Sea Lion) and thus if one of Britain's home countries (Wales or Scotland) forms an alliance with an enemy country, then it means a direct path to England。 2) Australia。 Western-powerhouse south situated next to the dense tropics of Asia。 China is looming above the country's head and it is something they will have to confront one day。 The country has a similar main problem to Russia is only 78% of the country is unhibabitable, the outbreak swapping cold Siberia-Ural mountains and plaines with a drought-ridden desert。 (Perth is only habitable because of it being a coast-city) and the two basins on the Eastern territories are what make keeping agriculture alive and the 25 million population going (because of the uninhabitable outback, Aussie population will literally stay at 25m, despite delusions of "continuing expansion") 3) Iran。 The future of the republic will not be religious, a phrase before was "crown to turban" as when the Shah was ousted and the Ayatollah religious authorities took over。 Now, a new phrase, "from crown to boots" as the Iranian military, the Revolutionary Guard starts to take over and play more role into nearly every industry in the country: the RG owns most film/media production companies, businesses and is a youth employer with draft work being mandatory。 4) Greece。 Similar to UK。 Alexander the Great used the countries harvestable agriculture and many islands to launch a empire。 5) Turkey。 Turks are Asians。 Turks come from Mongolia。 Who would have thought it? 6) Spain。 Spain is a multi-fascinated country which many parts being very different not just Catalonia, but also Basque County。 The reason Franco's regime survived as long as it did was because the US-NATO needed a choke point against a probable Soviet invasion of Western Europe。 7) Space。 Gonna re-read this one。 Because a lot of concepts in it are both fascinating and legally curious。 took me only 320 pages and I got so much from it。 go read it! 。。。more

Louisa Woolley

This book felt like a learning experience- I was careful to take in each chapter slowly to avoid being overwhelmed by the vast amounts of information。 That said, it was still engaging and I renjoyed the emphasis on current politics, as well as the geopolitical/historical backgrounds。 I’d recommend it to anyone wanting to find out more about the history/ politics of countries involved in active or passive conflict- especially in the Middle East, Sahel and South Med。

Peter Ebden

More of the same from the first one。 If you liked Prisoners, you'll probably still enjoy this, but it's less groundbreaking (probably to be expected from the sequel)。 More of the same from the first one。 If you liked Prisoners, you'll probably still enjoy this, but it's less groundbreaking (probably to be expected from the sequel)。 。。。more

Lovis Lindquist

Att läsa Tim Marshall - it’s always a blast! Jag tycker han förklarar saker på ett enkelt och roligt sätt och när jag såg att den här hade kommit ut rusade jag till Adlibris för att köpa den。 Var boken bra? Ja。 Blev jag besviken? Också ja。 Jag har älskat alla andra böcker jag läst av Marshall men jag älskade inte den här。 Den var fortfarande väldigt bra och intressant men jag tycker att den kändes aningen spretig och hade fokus på fel saker。 Boken ska handla om framtiden och då måste man ha med Att läsa Tim Marshall - it’s always a blast! Jag tycker han förklarar saker på ett enkelt och roligt sätt och när jag såg att den här hade kommit ut rusade jag till Adlibris för att köpa den。 Var boken bra? Ja。 Blev jag besviken? Också ja。 Jag har älskat alla andra böcker jag läst av Marshall men jag älskade inte den här。 Den var fortfarande väldigt bra och intressant men jag tycker att den kändes aningen spretig och hade fokus på fel saker。 Boken ska handla om framtiden och då måste man ha med historia men det var liksom för mycket historia。 Fortfarande mycket läsvärd dock och jag lärde mig en hel del。 。。。more

Juan Carmach Iturrieta

Algunos de los casos investigados son muy interesantes, con efectos globales y causas intrincadas。 En estos casos se demuestra lo interconectados que están los problemas globales y las tendencias que subyacen a ellos。 Algunos casos son revisados de forma superficial, explicando de manera liviana el conflicto que enfrentan。 Me pareció particularmente mala la revisión de España y se exploró livianamente los efectos del caso fe Turquía。

Jack

An excellent analysis of the contemporary geopolitical hotspots of the world。 A must-read for anyone interested in obtaining a better understanding of the multi-faceted state of affairs in today’s world。

Barns Howe

Less geographically and more politically focused, but still an interesting if not slightly over complicated read

Ana

I received a free eARC from the author/publisher via NetGalley in exchange for an honest review。 In The Power of Geography Tim Marshall returns to explore the geopolitical and historical aspects of ten nations, and how those factors led them to where they are now。 While I enjoy Marshall's writing style, I found that this book leaned more heavily into history than geography。 Which is fine, but my expectations were completely different, leading to a bit of a disconnect。 I generally found this book I received a free eARC from the author/publisher via NetGalley in exchange for an honest review。 In The Power of Geography Tim Marshall returns to explore the geopolitical and historical aspects of ten nations, and how those factors led them to where they are now。 While I enjoy Marshall's writing style, I found that this book leaned more heavily into history than geography。 Which is fine, but my expectations were completely different, leading to a bit of a disconnect。 I generally found this book very interesting, but occasionally I felt the analysis to be a bit shallow, and I was left wanting。。。 more。 Still, a fascinating book, and eminently readable。 I recommend to those interested in history, geography, and politics, especially their interconnection。 。。。more

Mark

Entertaining and informative with an intriguing last chapter on space。

Helen Ashforth-Foster

This is a very interesting and timely update to Marshalls excellent book on the power of geography。 This book has more a European /Africa focus with chapters dedicated to Turkey, UK, Spain and the Sahel so it would have been nice to see if his thoughts were applicable to a Asia or South America context。 Each chapter gives a brief explanation on the countries history , it's current challenges and how geography has impacted it。 It's a fascinating read and a great easy read for anyone interested in This is a very interesting and timely update to Marshalls excellent book on the power of geography。 This book has more a European /Africa focus with chapters dedicated to Turkey, UK, Spain and the Sahel so it would have been nice to see if his thoughts were applicable to a Asia or South America context。 Each chapter gives a brief explanation on the countries history , it's current challenges and how geography has impacted it。 It's a fascinating read and a great easy read for anyone interested in international politics 。。。more

Dan Greenberg

I quite enjoyed this book, as it being a sequel to the previous book。 Prisoners of geography, it covered on things which the last book could not cover。Once again it shows the importance of geography in todays politics。 Byfar my favourite chapter was the last one。 Where it took "astropolitics" into consideration。If you have read the first book, I am able to reccomend this one。 Unlike other books it doesnt repeat the same thing。 It goes into different countries in more depth。 I quite enjoyed this book, as it being a sequel to the previous book。 Prisoners of geography, it covered on things which the last book could not cover。Once again it shows the importance of geography in todays politics。 Byfar my favourite chapter was the last one。 Where it took "astropolitics" into consideration。If you have read the first book, I am able to reccomend this one。 Unlike other books it doesnt repeat the same thing。 It goes into different countries in more depth。 。。。more

Arnas Lasys

Excellent book, the last chapter was the most memorable。We need effective treaties and agreements governing space based on cooperation, not competition, sooner rather than later。

Clare Kelly

InformativeReally enjoy TM’s books。 This book gives a modern overall account of the 10 countries, their histories, their interaction and their present day involvement with each other。 A very good read。

Karan Sood

Rather anxiety-inducing book…

David Kemple

Engaging, yet not as easy a read as the first book

Frank Whelan

An easy to read book that never captures the magic of The Silk Road or Sapiens。 The feeling is very much your high-school geography teacher giving an overview。 After the UK chapter I was ready to drop this to two stars due to a complete lack of depth around the UK’s colonial mishaps and Ireland getting maybe only two sentences。 Ongoing unrest within the country’s borders is worth mentioning, and the book certainly spends time on the Basque region etc。 Also, the Brexit debacle is given a light to An easy to read book that never captures the magic of The Silk Road or Sapiens。 The feeling is very much your high-school geography teacher giving an overview。 After the UK chapter I was ready to drop this to two stars due to a complete lack of depth around the UK’s colonial mishaps and Ireland getting maybe only two sentences。 Ongoing unrest within the country’s borders is worth mentioning, and the book certainly spends time on the Basque region etc。 Also, the Brexit debacle is given a light touch here, even though this book is recent enough to have seen the empty shelves and other outcomes。So my problem is, if I know the UK chapter is giving a skewed view, how do I know the areas I’m unfamiliar with are legit?But I went back up to three stars because on reflection I did learn more about Saudi Arabia and the Sahel。Also, the paperback has a serious lack of maps。 Maybe two per chapter at most, which left me with serious cravings that perhaps can’t be satisfied in the format。 To Google Earth I go! 。。。more

Miki85

Per chi come me aveva già letto e apprezzato il precedente saggio di Tim Marshall, “Le 10 mappe che spiegano il mondo“, questa nuova fatica letteraria di sicuro non deluderà。 L’autore torna a trattare di geopolitica e lo fa con il suo stile diretto, puntuale e chiaro ma che allo stesso modo intriga e riesce a far innamorare il lettore della geografia。Ne “Il potere delle mappe” vengono prese in esame dieci zone geografiche del pianeta che spaziano dall’Australia fino allo spazio, passando -tra le Per chi come me aveva già letto e apprezzato il precedente saggio di Tim Marshall, “Le 10 mappe che spiegano il mondo“, questa nuova fatica letteraria di sicuro non deluderà。 L’autore torna a trattare di geopolitica e lo fa con il suo stile diretto, puntuale e chiaro ma che allo stesso modo intriga e riesce a far innamorare il lettore della geografia。Ne “Il potere delle mappe” vengono prese in esame dieci zone geografiche del pianeta che spaziano dall’Australia fino allo spazio, passando -tra le tante- per il Regno Unito, il Sahel e la Spagna。Tim Marshall accorre in nostro aiuto semplificando il quadro regionale, ricostruendo -brevemente- la storia del paese in esame ed infine definendo quelli che sono i problemi che caratterizzano una nazione o una data area geografica。 Questo saggio dalle tematiche interessanti ed affascinanti è consigliato a chiunque desideri capire il mondo in cui viviamo。 E’ un’opera che descrive un pianeta in costante cambiamento。“Il potere delle mappe” segna un felice ritorno per Tim Marshall。 Questa edizione curata e pubblicata da Garzanti è un importante vademecum per capire e comprendere dove e come andrà il mondo。 。。。more

Rob

Nicely balanced mix of comprehensiveness since comprehensibility explaining the impact of geography on the political history of a number of countries and regions。 Well worth your time。

Mikey Moriarty

A good sequel to prisoners of geography

Jonathan Freeman

The author writes with real authority and for the most part is entertaining。 Personally I am grateful to him because his books are at the right level for my Geography A level students doing the geopolitics unit。 His choice of countries was a bit random, presumably these were based on personal choice。 He is rather inconsistent 3 of the big variables going forward are climate change, decarbonisation of economies and the importance of water resources。 He mentioned these for some countries but they The author writes with real authority and for the most part is entertaining。 Personally I am grateful to him because his books are at the right level for my Geography A level students doing the geopolitics unit。 His choice of countries was a bit random, presumably these were based on personal choice。 He is rather inconsistent 3 of the big variables going forward are climate change, decarbonisation of economies and the importance of water resources。 He mentioned these for some countries but they are going to be fundamental for all of them。 I think that perhaps he had gone to a good party before writing the last few pages as he suddenly went a bit hippy。 The strangest thing about the book is who thought it would be a good idea to get it reviewed by Eamonn Holmes? 。。。more

MT

This book is absolutely brilliant! Tim Marshall explores 9 different countries (and space), examining the relationship between their history, culture and geography and analyzing what it will mean for their future。 Like his previous book, "Prisoners of Geography", "The Power of Geography" is incredibly thoughtful, enlightening and overall entertaining。 This book is absolutely brilliant! Tim Marshall explores 9 different countries (and space), examining the relationship between their history, culture and geography and analyzing what it will mean for their future。 Like his previous book, "Prisoners of Geography", "The Power of Geography" is incredibly thoughtful, enlightening and overall entertaining。 。。。more

RRvbin

Das Buch behandelt die geopolitisch/-strategischen Herausforderungen von 9 ausgewählten Ländern, die durch bestimmte Sachverhalte von besonderer Brisanz sind。 Dabei wird auch die Entstehunggeschichte des Landes erzählt, wobei der Leser schon einen Eindruck davon bekommt wie historische Begebenheiten heutige beeinflussen。 Im letzten Kapitel wird das Weltall betrachtet, welches laut Marshall in Zukunft mit ziemlicher Sicherheit die weitere Geschichte der Menschen in die Wege leiten wird。 Darüber h Das Buch behandelt die geopolitisch/-strategischen Herausforderungen von 9 ausgewählten Ländern, die durch bestimmte Sachverhalte von besonderer Brisanz sind。 Dabei wird auch die Entstehunggeschichte des Landes erzählt, wobei der Leser schon einen Eindruck davon bekommt wie historische Begebenheiten heutige beeinflussen。 Im letzten Kapitel wird das Weltall betrachtet, welches laut Marshall in Zukunft mit ziemlicher Sicherheit die weitere Geschichte der Menschen in die Wege leiten wird。 Darüber hinaus wird die Wichtigkeit einer Vormachtstellung im All für einzelnen Nationen, aber auch die Notwendigkeit eines nationenfreien Orbits dargestellt。Eine insgesamt gelungene Darstellung der Geopolitik im Jahr 2021, die unter anderem die Auswirkungen des Corona-Virus‘ miteinbezieht。 Ich hoffe in Zukunft noch weitere Bücher von Marshall bezüglich Geographie/Geopolitik lesen zu können。 。。。more

Haur Bin Chua

A follow-up from the Prisoners of Geography, in which the author explores ten regions where the hidden power of geography shaped the development of history and is likely to influence the changes in the future。Starting with Australia - an island which is also a country and which also happens to be a continent, much of which uninhabitable。 The uniqueness of Australia is both its strength and weakness。 From defensive standpoint, it will take an uphill task to invade Australia。 The scale of amphibio A follow-up from the Prisoners of Geography, in which the author explores ten regions where the hidden power of geography shaped the development of history and is likely to influence the changes in the future。Starting with Australia - an island which is also a country and which also happens to be a continent, much of which uninhabitable。 The uniqueness of Australia is both its strength and weakness。 From defensive standpoint, it will take an uphill task to invade Australia。 The scale of amphibious assault and supply line required to cover the areas between habitable regions are unthinkable。 While blessed with natural resources, Australia is far away from global supply chain and its import and export trade routes are vulnerable to blockades。 Politically, Australia is in a bind。 Traditionally, it allies itself with the rest of the English speaking community。 But with China’s expanding influence in Asia Pacific especially amongst its neighbours, Australia risks being isolated in this part of the world and are already facing economic backlash from trying to play hardball with China。 Australia will have to play its cards right in this political landmine。The next area is Iran, the descendent of the glorious Persian Empire。 Geographically Iran is defined by its mountains, Zagros and Elburz Mountains on the north and west which form the natural borders and the flat salt deserts in the interior, which are practically uninhabitable。 Throughout history, nobody wants to attack Iran because it’s just bloody hard to (other than the Mongols of course)。 Internally, the unforgiving landscape also makes travel difficult and hence limited control from the centre。 Ethnic groups continue to exist in pockets around the vast country and this is a concern for those in power as an internal rebellion will be harder to quell than any external threat。 At the heights of its power, the Persian empire stretched from Central Asia to the Mediterranean。 After its collapse, Persia collapsed into small kingdoms until the Safavids united the country under Shia Islam。 Following discovery of oil in Iran, foreign interests swarmed into the country, especially the British under Anglo-Persian Oil Company (BP)。 The British supported Reza Khan into power as a shah by toppling the clerics, who in turn modernised Iran。 After World War Two, anti-colonialist fever hit Iran, prompting calls for nationalisation of oil assets。 Amid the turmoil, the reins of power eventually landed on the religious fundamentalists led by Ayatollah Khomeini and created a Shia Islamic republic。 This was viewed by their Sunni neighbour, Iraq, as a threat which prompted Saddam Hussein to launch an attack on Iran but once again geography gave Iran the upper hand。 In 2003, USA naively handed Iran a huge advantage by toppling Saddam Hussein’s government and Iraq’s Shia majority moved in to fill the vacuum。 With this, Iran expanded their sphere of influence in the region especially amongst Shia dominated countries with the likes of Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, Lebanon and Yemen as it continues to clash with Sunni-led states as well as Israel。 As it continues to project its influence in the region, Iran’s biggest threat remains at home。 With the economy hampered by US-led sanctions and COVID-19, the younger generations are starting to get restless and lose confidence of those in power。 If a reform starts to gain momentum, there is no shortage of suppressed minorities who will readily join the reform with external help to topple the clerics and tip the balance of power back towards the Sunnis。The Sunni Islamists in the Middle East are led by Saudi Arabia。 Saudi Arabia was formed as a marriage of convenience between the House of Saud and Sunni Wahhabi fundamentalists。 In this foundational agreement, religion is politics。 Other than hosting the two holiest cities in Islam, Mecca and Medina, much of Saudi Arabia is of little significance as they are covered by the endless deserts。 Everything changed after large amounts of oil were found underneath the sands, bestowing unimaginable riches to the country。 With these new found riches, the Wahhabists exported their strict version of Islam to the rest of the world, which includes jihad。 Many young Saudis, including one Osama bin Laden, were trained in Afghanistan to fight the godless Soviet communists。 When Soviet Union collapsed, these fighters came home and applied their fighting skills now to fight American infidels, culminating in 9/11。 While Saudi Arabia formally condemns the acts of terrorism, it has never admitted its role in the build up towards 9/11。 Two main issues that worry Saudi leadership are the tilting of balance of power in favour of Shia as well as the decarbonisation of the world。 Under the crown prince MBS, Saudi has been aggressive in expanding their influence by sponsoring proxy wars in Syria and Libya, and even directly confronting threats like economic blockade against Qatar, military intervention in Yemen and forcing Lebanon prime minister to resign whilst in Riyadh on a visit。 Saudi is also moving aggressively to reduce its reliance on oil and gas revenue through long term planning - Vision 2030。 This includes investments in mega projects and reducing reliance on foreign workforce。 Underneath it all, Saudi knows that without oil money and in the absence of any geographical advantage like Iran, its role in the region and the world will start to diminish very quickly, and so does its version of Islam。From the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, we now move on to the United Kingdom。 Following the political union of 1707, the United Kingdom possesses a powerful geographical advantage, both from defensibility (failed attempts by Napoleon and Hitler) as well as access to oceans in all directions。 Unlike the warring European nations, the British were able to focus their resources on colonialisation, and built an empire that covered a quarter of the globe。 However, the strain of World War Two left the UK on its knees and handed the power to its younger cousin, the USA。 With the rise of China and formation of EU, the UK continues to lose its influence in the global stage, something that did not fare well among segments of its population and eventually led to Brexit。 Brexit opened another can of worms as most of Scotland wanted to remain in EU。 A divorce will be a tricky scenario as there are many sticky issues like border, military bases and NATO membership that will need to be resolved。 More importantly, the geographic strength of the three hundred year old union will be severely compromised。 Moving on to the Mediterranean, Greece。 Two significant factors define Greece’s geography - mountains and water。 On the north of its mainland, Greece’s mountainous terrain provides a natural defensive barrier against any attacks from that direction。 However, Greece is surrounded by water, Ionian Sea to the West, Mediterranean Sea to the south and Aegean Sea to the East, which makes it vulnerable to sea assaults。 The Persians landed a huge army in Athens in 480 BCE but were unable to make much headway into the mountainous interiors。 In recent times, the key hotspot for Greece is the control for Aegean Sea against Turkey, especially after discovery of potentially huge reserves of natural gas in eastern Mediterranean which means the Aegean Sea will be the key pipeline corridor into Europe。 Greece is also one of the key gateways for Syrian refugees into Europe and Turkey is accusing Greece of shutting the door, leaving the burden with Turkey。 Greece is of strategic importance to NATO as the secondary checkpoint to guard against Russian navy to break out from the Black Sea。 For these reasons, the growing tension between Greece and Turkey will be watched closely by major players of the global political chess game。On the other side of Aegean Sea, Turkey connects the West to the East。 Its political core lies in the west with Anatolian Plain in the east which serves as the buffer zone。 The Ottomans used this strategic location to project power outwards from Vienna to Middle East and Africa。 The Ottoman Empire went through a slow decline and in 1923 Ataturk became the first president of a new Republic of Turkey and Turkey underwent a reform to unify and modernise itself。 During World War Two, Turkey cleverly stayed neutral until the Soviets broke into Germany。 Turkey’s importance lies in its location at the interface between west and east。 In the thick of the Cold War, the threat from Soviet Union who were giving aid to the Kurdish rebels pushed Turkey towards the western sphere。 NATO saw Turkey’s strategic advantage to choke Soviet’s access beyond the Black Sea。 As such, there was a marriage of convenience and Turkey continued to stay in the fringes of the Western world。 With the rise of nationalist Recep Erdogan, there has been a change in direction in Turkey’s foreign policy, much to the irritation of EU and NATO。 This is further exacerbated by Erdogan’s friendliness towards Putin, to the extent of purchasing missile defence system from Russia。 Furthermore, Erdogan’s close ties with Muslim Brotherhood, a Sunni movement seeking to create an Islamic caliphate, put him in conflict with many of its neighbours, including the Sunnis in Saudi Arabia whose monarchy feels threatened by an Islamic caliphate。 Beyond that, Erdogan is a supporter of Blue Homeland, which aims to control large parts of its surrounding seas。 This then put Turkey at odds with Greece, which is also a NATO member。 With the strengthening Kurdish rebellion with the wave of refugees coming from unstable Iraq and Syria, Turkey seeks to expand the buffer zone between Ankara and the enemies in the east。 As such, Turkey once again tread the waters of its predecessors, projecting its power south and eastwards。Next we traverse the Sahel, a strip across African continent bordered by the Sahara desert to the north and rainforest to the south。 This region is made up of countries like Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, Sudan and Eritrea。 In recent years, it has become the spawning ground for terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda and ISIS to recruit local ethnic groups to their course。 The root of the issue is how the countries are formed in the first place。 Like most of Africa continent, the country borders in Sahel were artificially drawn up by the Western colonialists during the land grab。 This resulted in a highly fragmented country with various ethnic groups, most of whom do no recognise the ethnic group running the government。 For example, Tuareg tribe in Mali and Fulani in Niger, who were actively marginalised which turn their people to terrorism as the answer to the injustice。 The rapid rise in insurgency pushes a large influx of refugees into Europe, creating a major humanitarian crisis, a problem which none of the European government want to solve。 In recent times, the discovery of rare earth materials attracted Chinese money into the region, which further strengthen those in power。 Unlike the West, the Chinese only have the economic interest in mind and little appetite for helping to teach other countries how to govern。 As such, Sahel is fast becoming an inconvenient mixture, put together by the imperialists, about to blow up back in their faces。Ethiopia is a leading military power at the Horn of Africa, one of the regions of the world most afflicted by conflicts。 Ethiopia’s geography is defined by abundance in fresh water and lack of access to sea water。 A Christian country in an Islamic region, Ethiopia has long tread the geopolitics in the region carefully, many a times taking a neutral stance - almost the Switzerland of East Africa。 The headquarters of the African Union is in its capital, Addis Ababa。 Its access to the Blue Nile means hydroelectric potential and it has built the biggest hydroelectric power plant in the form of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD)。 This dam puts Ethiopia at odds with Egypt who sees this dam as an existential threat。 To address its lack of access to the sea, with the help from the Chinese, Ethiopia acquired ownership of the Djibouti port which was built by China to facilitate trading activity with the region。 Ethiopian leadership appears to be able to keep the country together, which is important to face the challenges they face as extremist groups and piracy continue to plague the region。Lastly, we go to Spain。 While Spain exists on the map as one single entity, the country is actually made up of various regions with strong, independent identities。 As a member of EU, Spain has little external threats as pressing as its internal ones。 Regions such as Catalonia and Basque has oftentimes threatened independence from Madrid, which might embolden other regions to do likewise and threaten the existence of Spain as a country。Engaging writing style to give ten separate summaries of the geopolitical situations in the region and how they fit into the broader global geopolitics。 。。。more