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Transformer: The Deep Chemistry of Life and Death

Transformer: The Deep Chemistry of Life and Death

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  • Create Date：2022-11-29 16:21:36
  • Update Date：2025-09-06
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  • Author：Nick Lane
  • ISBN：1324064501
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Summary

What brings the Earth to life， and our own lives to an end？


For decades， biology has been dominated by the study of genetic information。 Information is important， but it is only part of what makes us alive。 Our inheritance also includes our living metabolic network， a flame passed from generation to generation， right back to the origin of life。 In Transformer， biochemist Nick Lane reveals a scientific renaissance that is hiding in plain sight —how the same simple chemistry gives rise to life and causes our demise。


Lane is among the vanguard of researchers asking why the Krebs cycle， the “perfect circle” at the heart of metabolism， remains so elusive more than eighty years after its discovery。 Transformer is Lane’s voyage， as a biochemist， to find the inner meaning of the Krebs cycle—and its reverse—why it is still spinning at the heart of life and death today。


Lane reveals the beautiful， violent world within our cells， where hydrogen atoms are stripped from the carbon skeletons of food and fed to the ravenous beast of oxygen。 Yet this same cycle， spinning in reverse， also created the chemical building blocks that enabled the emergence of life on our planet。 Now it does both。 How can the same pathway create and destroy？ What might our study of the Krebs cycle teach us about the mysteries of aging and the hardest problem of all， consciousness？


Transformer unites the story of our planet with the story of our cells—what makes us the way we are， and how it connects us to the origin of life。 Enlivened by Lane’s talent for distilling and humanizing complex research， Transformer offers an essential read for anyone fascinated by biology’s great mysteries。 Life is at root a chemical phenomenon: this is its deep logic。

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Reviews

Flaviu ，

This one was a lot heavier in chemistry and physics than his other books， but although I'm going to have to brush up on my chemistry and re-read it in the future I still enjoyed the hell out of it。 This one was a lot heavier in chemistry and physics than his other books， but although I'm going to have to brush up on my chemistry and re-read it in the future I still enjoyed the hell out of it。 。。。more

Idarken ，

Possibly， it's just me: I had hoped for even more chemistry！ 😂 The beginning is full of biographical stories in between the biochemistry， which I do appreciate， as the people behind the science are important， but they diverted my attention from the science facts and the argument to the point where I had forgotten them when Lane picked it up again。 But in the second half the chemistry gets。。。deeper， as promised by the book's title。 So deep， that I definitely have to read it again， as I commited t Possibly， it's just me: I had hoped for even more chemistry！ 😂 The beginning is full of biographical stories in between the biochemistry， which I do appreciate， as the people behind the science are important， but they diverted my attention from the science facts and the argument to the point where I had forgotten them when Lane picked it up again。 But in the second half the chemistry gets。。。deeper， as promised by the book's title。 So deep， that I definitely have to read it again， as I commited the grave mistake of not taking notes。 And I'll gladly read it again， skipping over the biographical parts， because I learned much more than school textbook dogma and it entertained me。 'Pyruvate the Pirate'。😂😂 。。。more

Jeff ，

This work covers many of the biochemistry aspects of the Krebs cycle。 I remember the basics of this cycle from high school biology and nutrition classes。 Here the author describes the many ways that this cycle affects the chemical processes of life。 Very interesting， and worth reading a few times。

Yael ，

This is his s best book thus far！ Despite my prior knowledge in the field and some disagreements with some of the author’s conclusions， this is a book that every scientist must read （or science buff）。 The author was able to explain each puzzle piece in order that when he connects it all to a larger picture， the reader will be in awe。 Whether the day-to-day of a scientist that comes to a great discovery without recognition from his surroundings （can inspire and give hope in the darkest of times） This is his s best book thus far！ Despite my prior knowledge in the field and some disagreements with some of the author’s conclusions， this is a book that every scientist must read （or science buff）。 The author was able to explain each puzzle piece in order that when he connects it all to a larger picture， the reader will be in awe。 Whether the day-to-day of a scientist that comes to a great discovery without recognition from his surroundings （can inspire and give hope in the darkest of times） or how the current knowledge especially in mitochondria is the essential key to explaining many biological processes。 A must-have and read！ （Thank you for this book） 。。。more

Steve ，

Way too much chemistry for me！ Lane tries valiantly to explain it to non-scientists but only so much is possible。 Page after page was incomprehensible。 But I liked his writing， he’s very enthusiastic and even tho I couldn’t understand much， some of it did sorta sink in。 And in some funny way， I just liked reading through the descriptions of long complicated chemical processes， it had a nice rhythm in a way。Here’s a fantastic review of the book in the New Yorker - if you’re leery of too much chem Way too much chemistry for me！ Lane tries valiantly to explain it to non-scientists but only so much is possible。 Page after page was incomprehensible。 But I liked his writing， he’s very enthusiastic and even tho I couldn’t understand much， some of it did sorta sink in。 And in some funny way， I just liked reading through the descriptions of long complicated chemical processes， it had a nice rhythm in a way。Here’s a fantastic review of the book in the New Yorker - if you’re leery of too much chemistry you might want to read this instead of the book: https://www。newyorker。com/science/ele。。。 。。。more

Peter Tillman ，

This is a very good book， but large parts of it are pretty tough going。 If you haven’t taken a college class in chemistry or biochemistry， you may have to do a good deal of skimming。 Professor Lane is a good popular-science writer。 To his credit， he doesn’t talk down to his audience。 I was a chemistry major for awhile， before I discovered geology as my first love， way back in the last century， and I was at sea for a fair bit of this。 But it’s cool stuff， so it’s well-worth giving it a go and doi This is a very good book， but large parts of it are pretty tough going。 If you haven’t taken a college class in chemistry or biochemistry， you may have to do a good deal of skimming。 Professor Lane is a good popular-science writer。 To his credit， he doesn’t talk down to his audience。 I was a chemistry major for awhile， before I discovered geology as my first love， way back in the last century， and I was at sea for a fair bit of this。 But it’s cool stuff， so it’s well-worth giving it a go and doing some homework。 For me the best part was the origin-of-life stuff， in the deep past some 4 billion years ago。 Lane makes a good case that this happened in the deep ocean in what are now known as “white smokers，” underwater warm-spring deposits which feature extensive pore-space， a supply of elemental hydrogen and other goodies， and sharp temperature and pH gradients。 Life-friendly places: maybe where life on Earth began？ Lane’s history-of-science stuff is very nicely done， particularly in considering the personalities of the individual scientists， many of whom he knows as colleagues， some as co-workers。 He’s writing about his home turf: my favorite sort of popular-science book！Here’s the professional review to begin with， at Kirkus:https://www。kirkusreviews。com/book-re。。。“An exciting new approach to the science of life， but it’s not for the faint of heart。”And the New Scientist’s review， https://www。newscientist。com/article/。。。“There is a lot of nitty-gritty biochemistry – some of it essential， but described in exhausting detail。 Get ready to hear an awful lot about succinate， pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate。Lane tries hard to imbue these chemicals with personality， but his efforts only go so far。 Those who persevere will get a lot out of Transformer， but it is hard work。”My rating: 3。7 stars。 Note that it is shorter than it seems: main text is 284 pages in the hardcover edition I read。 。。。more

Seitenflaneur ，

I do not recommend listening to this as an audiobook， unless you're firmly familiar with the processes of the Kreb's cycle。Honestly I forgot most of what was mentioned， but it left me wanting to read this book once more， so 4 stars！ I do not recommend listening to this as an audiobook， unless you're firmly familiar with the processes of the Kreb's cycle。Honestly I forgot most of what was mentioned， but it left me wanting to read this book once more， so 4 stars！ 。。。more

Van Reese ，

I gave this four stars because it applies to the research in my lab， and it made me see things in a different （good） way。 To really understand this book， you need a few courses in microbiology and biochemistry。 If you think you are fine without that， you are just kidding yourself。 It will go over your head quickly。

Craig ，

I’m going to give this book a five。 However， I read this as an audiobook and I think I would’ve done better actually seeing some of the graphic depictions of the Krebs cycle and other details as that’s more my learning style。 （and of course it also is true that despite practicing medicine for 35 years and taking multiple biochemistry， pharmacology， and physiology courses， the Kreb’s cycle continues to confuse and intimidate me） Absolutely groundbreaking or at least ground shaking in updating my I’m going to give this book a five。 However， I read this as an audiobook and I think I would’ve done better actually seeing some of the graphic depictions of the Krebs cycle and other details as that’s more my learning style。 （and of course it also is true that despite practicing medicine for 35 years and taking multiple biochemistry， pharmacology， and physiology courses， the Kreb’s cycle continues to confuse and intimidate me） Absolutely groundbreaking or at least ground shaking in updating my knowledge and understanding of biological life; its beginnings it’s endings and it’s challenges。 。。。more

Sabin ，

Transformer is a monstrous tome。 And it's even more of a chimera in audiobook form。 Having read the author's previous book， The Vital Question， I knew a bit of what to expect， a high-level explanation of an important biochemical process， with all the history， false starts， important scientists and， most crucially， the chemistry behind it。 The chemistry in this book is made more accessible by the narrative elements， but it sure as hell （pardon my French） isn't a layperson's level of， let's say hi Transformer is a monstrous tome。 And it's even more of a chimera in audiobook form。 Having read the author's previous book， The Vital Question， I knew a bit of what to expect， a high-level explanation of an important biochemical process， with all the history， false starts， important scientists and， most crucially， the chemistry behind it。 The chemistry in this book is made more accessible by the narrative elements， but it sure as hell （pardon my French） isn't a layperson's level of， let's say high school chemistry。 The chemical reactions that he speaks about here are achievable only under very strict laboratory conditions， with the right ingredients， enzymes， and environmental conditions， like pressure and temperature。 Or， as it happens， in every one of the cells in our body。Since it's so important to the book， the author spends a few chapters going through those chemical processes， why and how they happen， in quite a lot of detail。 What he attempts to do， in order to make it more manageable for people who don't explore oxidation and reduction in the lab， is to use metaphors。 And， well， some of them unfortunately miss the mark。In the beginning of the book， he describes flux through the cells as traffic。 I'm not quoting here， but I think I can capture the gist of it。 So， just like in traffic through a city， the cars change at every intersection between origin and destination。 Let's say one of them starts off as a station wagon， then it becomes a truck， then it becomes a motorcycle， then a bus and ends up as a 2 seater coupé。 But wait， because it turns back into a station wagon and what do you know， the destination is also the origin。 Just like your typical commute。 And you know what happens when there are too many cars on a street？ Well， in this case， by literally stretching the traffic metaphor， the streets get wider to accommodate all the traffic。Truth be said， the author admits that some of the metaphors don't really do justice to what happens inside the cell， and that's because we don't make things like nature does them。 We plan infrastructure， construction and resources， we don't go into something head first and hope something useful comes out at the other end。 But nature's way is like that。 No trace of intelligence， just throwings stuff at the wall enough times until something sticks。 Einstein was right when he defined stupidity as doing something repeatedly and expecting different results。 Nature's stupid in that way。 But sometimes you do get different results， and they're useful， so you keep on doing them and sooner or later you get life。 And with life， you get climate change， intelligence， cancer， aging and all the other topics that the author addresses from the perspective of biochemistry and metabolics。 Once you enter the whirlwind and get on with the Krebs Cycle， everything's possible。 So， for my part， I enjoyed the book very much， even if I had to listen to the audiobook and read the ebook at the same time to really understand some parts。 Maybe describing a chemical reaction involving lots of carbon， hydrogen and oxygen atoms seems like a good idea， but in practice it doesn't always work that well。 。。。more

Vivify M ，

I enjoyed the writing and found a good amount of interesting information。 But the amount of time spent on technical chemistry was hard for me to get in to， and follow。

Philemon - ，

This was supposed the illuminate the Krebs cycle and other biochemical pathways， but instead dwelt on the history of discoveries with a focus on British researchers。 （*TV Error Buzzer*） Can anyone recommend a book that conveys the dynamics of cellular chemistry at an appropriate mid-level？ Thanks。

Modi ，

The book provides a fascinating and unique perspective on the origin of life， how and why the core metabolic pathways might have emerged， and how this must have shaped the long-term evolution of life on Earth。 The section that explains the step-by-step mechanism of how complex organic molecules could arise on a simple mineral catalyst was a great revelation。 The book also convinced me that simple bacterial life might be more common on other planets than I previously thought。But note that I found The book provides a fascinating and unique perspective on the origin of life， how and why the core metabolic pathways might have emerged， and how this must have shaped the long-term evolution of life on Earth。 The section that explains the step-by-step mechanism of how complex organic molecules could arise on a simple mineral catalyst was a great revelation。 The book also convinced me that simple bacterial life might be more common on other planets than I previously thought。But note that I found this book considerably harder to get through than the writer's previous ones or the typical popular science book。 A good understanding of the textbook description of cellular respiration， photosynthesis， and fermentation is required here， and a basic understanding of electrochemistry also helps。 I had to regularly look up diagrams of the discussed metabolic processes， Stanford's "Pathways of Human Metabolism" map was a huge help in this， I don't know how I would have finished some chapters without it。 I also had to consult the writer's previous book about how the proto-cells worked， because I found the explanation here too confusing。 。。。more

CatReader ，

A fascinating book if you're a science geek like me！ Laypeople may find this too dull。 Lane's discussions of glycolysis and the Warburg effect were especially enlightening as I did my PhD on these topics。 A fascinating book if you're a science geek like me！ Laypeople may find this too dull。 Lane's discussions of glycolysis and the Warburg effect were especially enlightening as I did my PhD on these topics。 。。。more

Dana Slaughter ，

Lane changes the focus of metabolism from the forward running Krebs Cycle， churning out CO2 and producing ATP， to a Krebs roundabout which can run forwards or backwards depending on the cells chemical environment， and spin off major building blocks for cell biosynthesis。 He challenges to notion that genes direct metabolism by developing the idea that energy flux is the mainstay of life。 The Krebs intermediates that are foundational to cell chemistry can be derived in deep sea vents from self org Lane changes the focus of metabolism from the forward running Krebs Cycle， churning out CO2 and producing ATP， to a Krebs roundabout which can run forwards or backwards depending on the cells chemical environment， and spin off major building blocks for cell biosynthesis。 He challenges to notion that genes direct metabolism by developing the idea that energy flux is the mainstay of life。 The Krebs intermediates that are foundational to cell chemistry can be derived in deep sea vents from self organised protocells。 "There is something thermodynamically and kinetically favoured by the innermost chemistry of life。" （p 275）。 "For me， the first genes were random strings of a few letters of RNA， polymerising inside protocells growing in those deep sea vents。 From the beginning， genes copied themselves inside protocells， spreading when they promoted cell growth， regenerating what had come before faster and better。 Genes never supplanted he deep chemistry of cells。 They conserved it， and they built on it" （p。275） 。。。more

Kory ，

Lane's ideas， writing style， historical anecdotes made this a mostly interesting read。 However， the technical detail is excessive， to the point of distracting from the flow and important points。 My knowledge of chemistry and biology are basic， but I have a hard time believing that even a trained biochemist would find much more enlightenment from some of the gory details than if Lane gave a more simplified exposition and glossed over some of the technicals。 Lane's ideas， writing style， historical anecdotes made this a mostly interesting read。 However， the technical detail is excessive， to the point of distracting from the flow and important points。 My knowledge of chemistry and biology are basic， but I have a hard time believing that even a trained biochemist would find much more enlightenment from some of the gory details than if Lane gave a more simplified exposition and glossed over some of the technicals。 。。。more

Ricardo Moreno Mauro ，

Nick Lanes tiene varios libros sobre el origen de la vida， pero creo que particularmente este no es de los mejore。 Los dos primeros capítulos son para adentrarnos en la bioenergética: El ciclo de Krebs y la fotosíntesis。 Lo mejor son todas las historias de pasillo que cuenta Por ejemplo como se trabajaba con radioactividad。 O como Benson descubrió casi todos los pasos de la Fotosíntesis， pero Calvín se llevó el crédito。En el siguiente capítulo es un resumen de su pensamiento del origen de la vid Nick Lanes tiene varios libros sobre el origen de la vida， pero creo que particularmente este no es de los mejore。 Los dos primeros capítulos son para adentrarnos en la bioenergética: El ciclo de Krebs y la fotosíntesis。 Lo mejor son todas las historias de pasillo que cuenta Por ejemplo como se trabajaba con radioactividad。 O como Benson descubrió casi todos los pasos de la Fotosíntesis， pero Calvín se llevó el crédito。En el siguiente capítulo es un resumen de su pensamiento del origen de la vida， en los fondos marinos。 Es interesante， pero no aporta nada nuevo， si ya lo han seguido en sus papers。Los dós últimos son uns devarío en e que suguiere como el ciclo de kkrebs estaría involucrado en el origen del cáncer y la conciencia。 No lo recimiendo mucho 。。。more

Jonathan Mugan ，

With Luca Turin， he posits that consciousness may arise from the electrical fields generated in mitochondria as they execute the KREBS cycle to produce energy and biomaterials。 Factoid: anesthesia works on fruit flies and even paramecium， but we don't know why。 With Luca Turin， he posits that consciousness may arise from the electrical fields generated in mitochondria as they execute the KREBS cycle to produce energy and biomaterials。 Factoid: anesthesia works on fruit flies and even paramecium， but we don't know why。 。。。more

Damien ，

80% went over my head， but the 20% I understood was amazing。

Socraticgadfly ，

Was totally set for a full five-star review， but the last chapter of the book， short as it is， cost Lane half a star， as you'll see here and I'm not rounding up。 Was totally set for a full five-star review， but the last chapter of the book， short as it is， cost Lane half a star， as you'll see here and I'm not rounding up。 。。。more

David ，

After additional math， chemistry was my worst subject in school。 As a result， this was quite a hard read。 It is definitely not for the lay person unless you like to look at images like this:Despite this， I learnt a lot about the Krebs Cycle - the central biochemical process of metabolism in all organisms that live by respiration， whereby large molecules are broken down into small ones and energy is generated in the process。The thesis of this book is that the core of life is not genetic inheritan After additional math， chemistry was my worst subject in school。 As a result， this was quite a hard read。 It is definitely not for the lay person unless you like to look at images like this:Despite this， I learnt a lot about the Krebs Cycle - the central biochemical process of metabolism in all organisms that live by respiration， whereby large molecules are broken down into small ones and energy is generated in the process。The thesis of this book is that the core of life is not genetic inheritance of information but how life harnesses energy from its environment and uses it to build complex molecular systems。 Life is really all about the flow of electrical charge （electrons and protons） as a driving force for making biomolecules and powering metabolic pathways。Here， Nick tackles the origin of life， animals， cancer and even briefly， consciousness。 。。。more

Stephen Geiger ，

Excellent book， but requires quite a bit of knowledge about biochemistry。 Like other Nick Lane books， it is quite dense， and will require a second read。 Just an update to the review: Nick Lane gave a presentation of the Kreb’s cycle to the Royal Institute， which is available on YouTube。 This was a good refresher to experience after reading the book。

Emma ，

As usual， Lane’s deep knowledge， ability to make accurate but far reaching connections， and enthusiasm for the field is a joy to read。 Lane does get into a lot more details on the biochemistry in this book， so much so that with the introduction of every topic， follows 5x the length of deep molecular formulas and equations。 It could be easy to get lost in these details and detract from the point he’s making。Overall， a great book with fewer new astounding claims as his other books， nonetheless enj As usual， Lane’s deep knowledge， ability to make accurate but far reaching connections， and enthusiasm for the field is a joy to read。 Lane does get into a lot more details on the biochemistry in this book， so much so that with the introduction of every topic， follows 5x the length of deep molecular formulas and equations。 It could be easy to get lost in these details and detract from the point he’s making。Overall， a great book with fewer new astounding claims as his other books， nonetheless enjoyable for biochemistry nerds to read。 Come for the Krebs cycle and origins of respiratory processes， stay for the conclusions on cancer and human aging。 Takeaway: eat less， eat well， exercise esp aerobic more。 Take good care of the mitochondria。 。。。more

Mark Schlack ，

This is an amazing book。 The author tackles no less than the origin of life on Earth。 He presents an admittedly speculative account， but it's grounded in what science we know about pre-life and early life。 It's one of those "hey， we've been looking at this all wrong" books that challenges current dogma about the primacy of genetics and instead focuses on metabolism -- how pre-life， driven by the laws of thermodynamics， created all the necessary ingredients for life。 No book I have read gives one This is an amazing book。 The author tackles no less than the origin of life on Earth。 He presents an admittedly speculative account， but it's grounded in what science we know about pre-life and early life。 It's one of those "hey， we've been looking at this all wrong" books that challenges current dogma about the primacy of genetics and instead focuses on metabolism -- how pre-life， driven by the laws of thermodynamics， created all the necessary ingredients for life。 No book I have read gives one as much of a sense of how this might have happened， how the Earth， and （for me） potentially the universe， is a place where things combine on their own。 And ultimately， those combinations became self-replicating and alive。One of the really profound things Lane does is to show that all that has happened in the last 3+billion years was built on this prebiotic foundation。 DNA， RNA， proteins， these all evolved to optimize and stabilize both the anabolic （building new materials） and catabolic （deriving energy from the environment） processes on the young Earth。 It's a wild and beautiful tale。 。。。more

Masboofa ，

Inspiring。 Chemistry analogies were pretty bad， but the book isn't about chemistry。 Enjoyed the fresh outlook and the history of metabolism research Inspiring。 Chemistry analogies were pretty bad， but the book isn't about chemistry。 Enjoyed the fresh outlook and the history of metabolism research 。。。more

Jim French ，

Transformer was transformative for me， gave me new ways of thinking about Krebs cycle， metabolism， multicellularity， evolution of life on earth， evolution of plants and animals， cancer biology。

Chris Leiter ，

A great primer for the ‘century’ of bio ahead。 Although dense at times， Transformers was a tour de force on the intricacies of biology and biochemistry， and the fundamentals of cellular life。 Insights on how metabolic activity drives DNA expression throughout biology。 Recommended reading for those who may have been distracted during HS Bio 101 - although perhaps not quite for the layperson。 I would have given this 5 stars if it had kept the pace up a bit further （at times I found explanations re A great primer for the ‘century’ of bio ahead。 Although dense at times， Transformers was a tour de force on the intricacies of biology and biochemistry， and the fundamentals of cellular life。 Insights on how metabolic activity drives DNA expression throughout biology。 Recommended reading for those who may have been distracted during HS Bio 101 - although perhaps not quite for the layperson。 I would have given this 5 stars if it had kept the pace up a bit further （at times I found explanations repetitive and practical examples adding more complexity than needed）。Lane does a fantastic job of why the Krebs cycle is incredibly pertinent for the origins of respiratory processes but ultimately does not make more concrete assertions on cancer and human aging， albeit he is previewing how the next technological revolutions in bio will ultimately be based on these simple， basic biochemical processes。 。。。more

Sebastian ，

Could not finish it。 I found the style kind of infantilizing， and I don’t know why pop science writers seem to insert themselves into stories but it never works for me。

Mansoor ，

"When we think about inheritance we tend to think about genes， but to leave any descendants a cell must be capable of growing， repairing and ultimately replicating itself， and to do that it needs a fully functional metabolic network。 To be alive means to have a continuous flow of energy and materials through this whole network， nanosecond by nanosecond， minute by minute， generation after generation。 We do not merely inherit inert information in the form of genes – our inheritance includes this l "When we think about inheritance we tend to think about genes， but to leave any descendants a cell must be capable of growing， repairing and ultimately replicating itself， and to do that it needs a fully functional metabolic network。 To be alive means to have a continuous flow of energy and materials through this whole network， nanosecond by nanosecond， minute by minute， generation after generation。 We do not merely inherit inert information in the form of genes – our inheritance includes this living metabolic network in the egg cell， a flame passed from generation to generation， without pause， right back to the emergence of life。 Core metabolism has changed little in part because it was never powered down in its four-billion-year history。 The genes are custodians of this flame， but without the flame life is – dead。"Image: John Everett Millais， Ruling Passion。 。。。more

Denis Romanovsky ，

Incredible story of the Krebs cycle， people and the begining of life。 Very interesting insights about metabolism， health， longevity and cancer。 A bit hard to get through all the names of molecules and enzymes， but still quite readable。 Highly recommend this book！

Reference

google book https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=Transformer: The Deep Chemistry of Life and Death

hathitrust digital library https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ls?q1=Transformer: The Deep Chemistry of Life and Death&field1=ocr&a=srchls&ft=ft&lmt=ft

The British Library https://bll01.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?query=any,contains,Transformer: The Deep Chemistry of Life and Death&tab=LibraryCatalog&search_scope=Not_BL_Suppress&vid=44BL_INST:BLL01&lang=en&offset=0